Aerodynamics

Fig. 1 in Lanchester, 1916, Aircraft in Warfare (p.8) illustrates the linear increase with speed of air resistance for airplanes, compared to exponential increase in dirigibles. Lanchester and others anticipated the implications of this law for the future of aviation.

Aerodynamics is the study of movement through air, with an eye towards aircraft efficiency. George Cayley was a forefather of the field. Along with improvements in propulsion, the study of aerodynamics improved the efficiency of flight and ultimately enabled the development of the heavier-than-air airplane.

Links

• w:Aerodynamics; w:History of aerodynamics

This wiki has 4 patents in category "Aerodynamics". Other techtypes related to Aerodynamics: Airfoil, Compression, CPC F42B10/02, CPC F42B10/14, CPC F42B10/16, CPC G01M9/00, Design, Heavier-than-air, Helicoplane, Hinges, Hydroplane, Projectile, Rarefaction, Tail fin, Texture, Tragschirm, USPC 244/99.7, Winglets

Patents in category Aerodynamics

• Patent DE-1898-126955 (English title: From elevation to put aircraft devices into operation, Inventors: Emil Lehmann, Filing date: 1898-08-20)
• Patent FR-1910-422554 (English title: Airplane with an arrow-like body, Inventors: Aurel Vlaicu, Supplementary to patent: Patent HU-1910-59091, Filing date: 1910-11-15)
• Patent FR-1910-418630.14833 (English title: Mixed lift airship, Inventors: Miltiade Zacharakis-Kanaris, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1910-418630, Filing date: 1910-12-10)
• Patent FR-1917-511346 (English title: Dirigible with divided nacelle close to the balloon, Inventors: Adolphe Clément-Bayard, Filing date: 1917-06-28)

Publications referring to Aerodynamics

• Hoff, 1913, Versuche an Doppeldeckern (Simple title: Experiments to determine the optimal airspeed and flight-angle of biplanes)
• Lanchester, Aerodynamics (Simple title: Aerodynamics, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Bulletin de l'institut aérodynamique de Koutchino (Simple title: Bulletin de l'institut aérodynamique de Koutchino)
• Cayley, 1837, Practical remarks on aerial navigation (Simple title: Practical remarks on aerial navigation)
• Wenham, 1866, On aerial locomotion and the laws by which heavy bodies impelled through the air are sustained (Simple title: On aerial locomotion and the laws by which heavy bodies impelled through the air are sustained, Journal: Annual Report of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain)
• Brown, 1868, Showing that for sustaining a body in the air by mechanical action, more depends upon the application of the power than on its actual amount (Simple title: Showing that for sustaining a body in the air by mechanical action, more depends upon the application of the power than on its actual amount, Journal: Annual Report of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain)
• Alexander, 1869, Aërial navigation (Simple title: Aërial navigation, Journal: Annual Report of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain)
• Marey, 1873, La machine animale (Simple title: The animal machine: terrerstrial and aerial locomotion)
• Marey, 1873, La machine animale (Simple title: The animal machine: terrerstrial and aerial locomotion)
• Armour, 1874, Resistance to falling planes on a path of translation (Simple title: Resistance to falling planes on a path of translation, Journal: Annual Report of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain)
• Weisbach, 1875, Lehrbuch der Ingenieur u. Maschinen-Mechanik. Theil I Theoretische Mechanik (Simple title: Textbook of Engineer[ing] and Machine Mechanics. Part I Theoretical Mechanics)
• Weisbach, 1875, Lehrbuch der Ingenieur u. Maschinen-Mechanik. Theil I Theoretische Mechanik (Simple title: Textbook of Engineer[ing] and Machine Mechanics. Part I Theoretical Mechanics)
• Du Hauvel d' Audreville, 1878, Théorie mathématique du vol des oiseaux (Simple title: Mathematical theory of bird flight, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Blake, 1882, Original Solutions of Several Problems in Aerodynamics (Simple title: Original Solutions of Several Problems in Aerodynamics)
• Helmholtz, 1885, Theoretische Betrachtungen über lenkbare Luftballons (Simple title: Theoretical considerations about steerable balloons, Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Marey, 1886, Études sur les mouvements imprimés à l'air par l'aile d'un oiseau. Expériences de M. Müller (Simple title: Studies on movements printed by the air of a bird's wing. Mr. Müller's experiences, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Weyher, 1886, Expériences sur la suspension dans l'air en mouvement (Simple title: Experiments on suspension in moving air, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Chamard, 1886, Observations sur la théorie des aérostats de M. Paul Valer (Simple title: Observations on the theory of aerostats by Paul Valer, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Lippert, 1888, Berichtigung: Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (Simple title: Correction: On work-efficiency in aerial movement, Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Lippert, 1888, Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (1) (Simple title: On work-efficiency in aerial movement (1), Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Lippert, 1888, Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (2) (Simple title: On work-efficiency in aerial movement (2), Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Lippert, 1888, Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (5) (Simple title: On work-efficiency in aerial movement (5), Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Lippert, 1888, Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (3) (Simple title: On work-efficiency in aerial movement (3), Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Loessl, 1888, Einige Beobachtungen über das (mechanische) Verhalten der Luft gegen bewegte Körper (1) (Simple title: Some observations about the (mechanical) behavior of air against moving bodies, Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Newberry and Trowbridge, 1888, The flight of birds (Simple title: The flight of birds, Journal: Science)
• Honoré, 1889, La création de la navigation aérienne au moyen de ptéronaves (Simple title: The creation of air navigation by means of pteronaves)
• Honoré, 1889, La création de la navigation aérienne au moyen de ptéronaves (Simple title: The creation of air navigation by means of pteronaves)
• Renard, 1889, Expériences qu'il vient d'entreprendre pour l'étude des lois de la résistance de l'air (Simple title: Experiments he has just undertaken to study the laws of air resistance, Journal: Séances Société Française de Physique)
• Langley, 1891, Experiments in aerodynamics (1) (Simple title: Experiments in aerodynamics (1), Journal: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge)
• Langley, 1891, Expériences d'aérodynamique (Simple title: Aerodynamic experiences, Journal: Rev. Aér.)
• Maxim, 1891, Aerial navigation, The power required (Simple title: Aerial navigation, The power required, Journal: Century Mag.)
• Mott, 1894, Aerodynamics (Simple title: Aerodynamics, Journal: Scient. Amer. Suppl.)
• Means, 1894, The problem of manflight (Simple title: The problem of manflight)
• Publication 8232, 1895, A new flying machine. Maxim's experiments in aerial navigation (Simple title: Maxim's experiments in aerial navigation, Journal: Century Mag.)
• Langley, 1895, Langley's law (Simple title: Langley's law, Journal: Aeronautical Annual)
• Means, 1897, The Aeronautical Annual (Simple title: The Aeronautical Annual, Journal: Aeronautical Annual)
• Publication 10173, 1897, Recent advancement in aerodynamics (Simple title: Recent advancement in aerodynamics, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Ahlborn, 1897, Der Schwebflug und die Fallbewegung ebener Tafeln in der Luft, Stabilität der Flugapparate (Simple title: The hover flight and the falling motion of plane boards in the air. About the stability of the flying machines. Special copy from volume XV of the 'Treatises in the field of science.')
• Platte, 1898, Induktion und Deduktion in der Luftschiffahrt (Simple title: Induction and deduction in aeronautics, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Krahnas, 1898, El Vuelo a la Vela i la Navigacion Aerea (Simple title: Soaring flight and aerial navigation, Journal: Anales del Instituto de Injenieros)
• Chanute, 1899, Die Bedingungen des Erfolges im Entwurf von Flugapparaten. Uebersetzt von Rittmeister Warder (Simple title: The conditions of success in the design of aircrafts. Translated by Captain Warder, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Chanute, 1899, Conditions of success in the design of flying machines (Simple title: Conditions of success in the design of flying machines, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Wright, 1901, The angle of incidence (Simple title: The angle of incidence, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Langley, 1902, Experiments in aërodynamics (2) (Simple title: Experiments in aërodynamics (2))
• Langley, 1902, Experiments in aerodynamics (Simple title: Experiments in aerodynamics, Journal: Contr. Knowl.)
• Sébillot, 1902, Mémoire sur les navires aériens à air dilaté (Simple title: Memorandum on dilated-air vessels, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Sebert, 1903, Sur l'aérodynamique et la théorie du champ acoustique (Simple title: On aerodynamics and acoustic field theory, Journal: C. R. Acad. Sci.)
• Vallier, 1904, Notes sur la dynamique de l'aéroplane (1) (Simple title: Notes on the dynamics of the airplane, Journal: Rev. Mech.)
• Zahm, 1904, The measurement of air velocity and pressure. In aerodynamic experiments and the balloon anemometer (Simple title: The measurement of air velocity and pressure. In aerodynamic experiments and the balloon anemometer, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Renard, 1904, Recherches relatives à la résistance de l'air au moyen d'un nouvel appareil appelé balance dynamométrique (1) (Simple title: Research on air resistance using a new device called a dynamometric scale (1), Journal: C. R. Acad. Sci.)
• Vallier, 1905, Note sur la dynamique de l'aéroplane (2) (Simple title: Note on the dynamics of the airplane, Journal: Rev. Mech.)
• Vallier, 1905, Note sulla dinamica dell' aeroplano (Simple title: Notes on the dynamics of the airplane, Journal: Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Alexander, 1905, Notes on some recent experiments in aerodynamics (Simple title: Notes on some recent experiments in aerodynamics, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Vallier, 1905, Note sur la dynamique de l'aéroplane (Simple title: Note on the dynamics of the airplane)
• Vallier, 1905, Note sur la dynamique de l'aéroplane (Simple title: Note on aeroplane dynamics, Journal: L'Aéroplane)
• Wenham, 1905, Some remarks on aerial flight (Simple title: Some remarks on aerial flight, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Castagneris, 1905, L'Istituto speciale di aerodinamica di Koutchino (Simple title: The special institute for aerodynamics at Koutchino and the worldwide technical development of aerodynamics, Journal: Bollettino della Società Aeronautica Italiana)
• Publication 3037, 1906, Conferenza di aerodinamica (Simple title: Aerodynamic conference, Journal: Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Publication 9291, 1906, Nuove esperienze di aereodinamica (Simple title: New experiences of aerodynamics, Journal: Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Newcomb, 1906, Side-lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science (Simple title: Side lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science)
• Newcomb, 1906, Side-lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science (Simple title: Side lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science)
• Trowbridge, 1906, On the interlocking of emarginate primary feathers in flight (Simple title: On the interlocking of emarginate primary feathers in flight, Journal: Amer. Journ. Sci.)
• Bell, 1907, A few notes of progress in the construction of an aerodrome (Simple title: A few notes of progress in the construction of an aerodrome, Journal: Nav. the Air)
• Ludlow Hammer Post, 1907, Navigating the air; a scientific statement of the progress of aeronautical science (Simple title: Navigating the air; a scientific statement of the progress of aeronautical science up to the present time)
• Bell, 1907, Aërial Locomotion (Simple title: Aërial locomotion, progress in the construction of an aërodrome, Journal: National Geographic Magazine)
• Denninghoff, Elias, 1907, Die Form des Tragkörpers von Luftschiffen (Simple title: The shape of the Tragkörper of airships, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Ludlow, 1907, The law governing aeroplanes (Simple title: The law governing aeroplanes, Journal: Amer. Aeronaut and Aerostatist)
• Stanton, 1908, Experiments on wind pressure. National Physical Laboratory; Collected Researches. Reprinted with more tables (Simple title: Experiments on wind pressure. National Physical Laboratory; Collected Researches. Reprinted with more tables, Journal: Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers)
• Crocco, 1908, Sulla resistenza dell' aria nel moto non uniforme (Simple title: On the resistance of the air in the uneven motion, Journal: Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Eredia, 1908, Cronaca Scientifica. Su aleune esperienze aerodinamiche (Simple title: Scientific Chronicle. On some aerodynamic experiences, Journal: Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Publication 7311, 1908, The law of the forward edge (Simple title: The law of the forward edge, Journal: Aeronautics (UK))
• Wellner, 1908, Ueber Luftschrauben und Schraubenflieger (Simple title: About propellers and helicopters, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Publication 9420, 1909, Osservazioni teoriche di aerodinamica intorno ai dirigibili del Prof. E. Helmoltz (Simple title: Theoretical observations of aerodynamics around the airships of Prof. E. Helmoltz, Journal: Riv. Techn. Aer. Boll. Soc. Aer. Ital.)
• Riabouchinsky, 1909, Note sur l'autorotation de plaques symétriques dans un courant aérien ou un courant d'eau (2) (Simple title: Note on the autorotation of symmetrical plates in an air current or a water current (2), Journal: Bulletin de l'Institut Aérodynamique de Koutchino)
• Bertin, 1909, Stabilité transversale des aéroplanes (Simple title: Transverse stability of airplanes, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Montgomery, 1909, Principles involved in the formation of wing surfaces and the phenomenon of soaring. (Discussion by Dr. A. F. Zahm.) (Simple title: Principles involved in the formation of wing surfaces and the phenomenon of soaring. (Discussion by Dr. A. F. Zahm.), Journal: Aeronautics)
• De Maria, 1909, Navigazione Aerea (Simple title: Aerial Navigation)
• Publication B2p0028e24, 1909, Ein Aerodynamisches institut (Simple title: An aerodynamic institute, Journal: Wien. Luftsch. Zeit.)
• Baden-Powell, 1909, Practical aerodynamics and the theory of the aeroplane (Simple title: Practical aerodynamics and the theory of the aeroplane)
• Cantelou, 1909, Études sur l'aviation (Simple title: Study on aviation)
• Zsélyi, 1909, Prinzipien der Flugtechnik (Simple title: Principles of flight technology, Journal: Wien. Luftsch. Zeit.)
• Mercier, 1909, Estudio sobre Aerodinámica experimental (Simple title: Study on experimental aerodynamics, Journal: Revista de Locomoción Aérea)
• Brunet y Viadera, 1910, Curso de Aviación (Simple title: Course of aviation)
• Boyer, 1910, Eiffel's recent experiments on the resistance of the air (Simple title: Eiffel's recent experiments on the resistance of the air, Journal: Scient Amer.)
• Rameau, 1910, Aerodynamic experiments (Simple title: Aerodynamic experiments)
• Duchêne, 1910, L'aéroplane étudié et calculé par les mathématiques élémentaires (Simple title: The aeroplane studied and calculated using elementary mathematics, Journal: L'Aéroplane)
• Miller, 1910, The figures behind the aeroplane (Simple title: The figures behind the aeroplane, Journal: American Machinist)
• Soreau, 1910, Las Componentes de la Presión sobre las superficies de los aeroplanos (Simple title: Components of pressure on airplane surfaces, Journal: Revista de Locomoción Aérea)
• Armengaud, 1911, The analytical representation of aeroplane resistance. Fitting equations to the experimental curves (Simple title: The analytical representation of aeroplane resistance, Journal: Scient. Amer. Suppl.)
• Black, 1911, Flying machine dynamics and the use of a speed indicator for making an aero-plane safe (Simple title: Flying machine dynamics and the use of a speed indicator for making an aero-plane safe, Journal: Aircraft)
• Advisory Committee, 1910, Technical Report of the Advisory Committee for the year 1910-1911 (Simple title: Technical Report of the Advisory Committee for the year 1910-1911)
• Hubbard, Ledeboer, and Turner, 1911, the Aeroplane (Simple title: The Aeroplane)
• Le Maitre, 1911, Natural Stability (Simple title: Natural Stability)
• Loening, 1911, Monoplanes and Biplanes (Simple title: Monoplanes and Biplanes)
• Loening, 1911, Progress in aerodynamics. Studying the aeroplane in the laboratory (Simple title: Progress in aerodynamics. Studying the aeroplane in the laboratory, Journal: Scient. Amer.)
• Langley, 1911, Langley's book on aviation. A classic in practical aerodynamics (Simple title: Langley's book on aviation. A classic in practical aerodynamics, Journal: Scient. Amer. Suppl.)
• Prandtl, 1911, An air propeller testing apparatus. Professor Prandtl's system (Simple title: An air propeller testing apparatus. Professor Prandtl's system, Journal: Scient Amer.)
• Publication B2p0022e21, 1911, Aerodynamical laboratories (Simple title: Aerodynamical laboratories, Journal: Amer. Aer.Aeronautics)
• Stephens, 1911, Dynamics of the flying machine. Some of the dangers of mechanical flight (Simple title: Dynamics of the flying machine. Some of the dangers of mechanical flight, Journal: Scient. Amer. Suppl.)
• Ventou-Duclaux and Robert, 1911, Bases et méthodes d'études aéronautiques (Simple title: Bases et méthodes d'études aérontechniques)
• Dring, 1911, The vortex principle of flight (Simple title: The vortex principle of flight, Journal: Flight)
• Berriman, 1912, Aeroplane efficiency. A skeleton framework of theory as a guide for practical construction (Simple title: Aeroplane efficiency, Journal: Scient. Amer. Suppl.)
• Lougheed, 1912, Aeroplane designing for amateurs; a plain treatment of the basic principles of flight engineering including heretofore unpublished facts concerning bird flight and aerodynamic phenomena (Simple title: Aeroplane designing for amateurs; a plain treatment of the basic principles of flight engineering including heretofore unpublished facts concerning bird flight and aerodynamic phenomena)
• Ovington, 1912, Amateur aeroplane builders (Simple title: Amateur aeroplane builders, Journal: Aeronautics (US))
• Spratt, 1912, An analysis of flight (Simple title: An analysis of flight, Journal: Aeronautics)
• Zahm, 1912, The resistance of the air and aviation. Eiffel's memoir on experimental aero-dynamics (Simple title: The resistance of the air and aviation. Eiffel's memoir on experimental aero-dynamics, Journal: Scient Amer.)
• Zahm, 1912, Studying the flying machine in the laboratory. Recent progress in experimental aerodynamics (Simple title: Studying the flying machine in the laboratory. Recent progress in experimental aerodynamics, Journal: Scient. Amer.)
• Costanzi, 1912, L'aerodinamica nello stabilimento di costruzioni aeronautiche del genio (Simple title: Aerodynamics in the aeronautical engineering plant of the genius)
• Toussaint and Lepère, 1912, Travaux faits a l’Institut aérotechnique de Saint-Cyr (Fondation H. Deutsch de la Meurthe). L’enregistrement de la vitesse relative a des aeroplanes, application à une méthode de mesures aérodynamiques (Simple title: Work carried out at the Saint-Cyr Aerotechnical Institute (H. Deutsch de la Meurthe Foundation). L'enregistrement de la vitesse relative a des aeroplanes, application à une méthode de mesures aérodynamiques., Journal: Techn. Aér.)
• Bramwell, 1912, Aeronautical research at the National Physical Laboratory (Simple title: Aeronautical research at the National Physical Laboratory, Journal: Aër. Journ)
• Berriman, 1913, Aviation (Simple title: Aviation)
• Publication B2p0919e09, 1913, Aerodynamical defects of hydro-aeroplanes and floats (Simple title: Aerodynamical defects of hydro-aeroplanes and floats, Journal: Aeronautics (UK))
• Kauffmann, Paul A. G., 1914, La stabilité longitudinale automatique de forme (Simple title: Automatic longitudinal stability by way of design, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Kauffmann, Paul A. G., 1914, Quelques remarques sur le biplan Sopwith (Simple title: Some remarques on the Sopwith biplane, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Kauffmann, Paul A. G., 1914, Décalage en profondeur et en angle des surfaces d’un biplane (Simple title: Depth and angle offset of the surfaces of a biplane, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Kauffmann, Paul A. G., 1914, Une nouvelle courbure (Simple title: A new curvature, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Publication B2p0022e16, 1914, New aerodynamic balance installed in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Simple title: New aerodynamic balance installed in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Journal: Aero and Hydro)
• Taranto, 1914, Aerodinamica e aerotecnica (Simple title: Aerodynamics and aerotechnics, Journal: Bollettino dell' Aero Club di Roma)
• Biego, 1915, Quarta serie di Saggi d'Aerodinamica (Simple title: Fourth series of Aerodynamic Essays, Journal: Riv. Ital. Aeron.)
• Kauffmann, Paul A. G., 1915, Une courbure à forte portance (Simple title: A curved surface with strong carrying capacity, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Still, 1915, Suggestions as to how the most efficient and safest aeroplane for transcontinental flight should be made (Simple title: Most efficient and safest aeroplane for transcontinental flight, Journal: Aeronautics (US))
• Bryan and Brodetsky, 1916, Long tails versus short tails in aerodynamics (Simple title: Long tails versus short tails in aerodynamics, Journal: Aër. Journ)
• Hunsaker, 1916, Aerodynamical properties of the triplane (Simple title: Aerodynamical properties of the triplane, Journal: Flight)
• Klemin and Huff, 1916, Course in aerodynamics and aeroplane design (Simple title: Course in aerodynamics and aeroplane design, Journal: Aviation and Aeronautical Engineering)
• Publication B2p0023e05, 1916, Recent experiments in aerodynamics (Simple title: Recent experiments in aerodynamics, Journal: Aerial Age • Scientific Monthly)
• Marchis, 1916, L'Etat actuel de l'aérodynamique (Simple title: The current state of aerodynamics, Journal: L'Aérophile)
• Hunsaker, 1916, Dynamical Stability of Aeroplanes (Simple title: Dynamical Stability of Aeroplanes, Journal: Aviation and Aeronautical Engineering)
• Supf, 1958, Das Buch der deutschen Fluggeschichte (Simple title: Book of German Flight-History)
• Charru, 2023 (Simple title: Fluid Mechanics in France in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Journal: Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics)

Enclosing categories	Simple tech terms
Subcategories	Sciences
Keywords	Airfoil, Frame
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