Heavier-than-air

The opposite of lighter-than-air.

To fly, an aircraft which is heavier than air must have some force which moves it upwards. In general, this force is produced by some sort of reaction with the air, whether by means of a propeller or by a shape designed to catch the wind. The criteria for the success of a heaveier-than-air vessel are less clear-cut than for a balloon, because the question is not simply whether they leave the ground, but how they move through the air, and for how long. (A projectile is heavier than air but it's not an aircraft and doesn't "fly" in the same sense.) The French avion and the plus lourd que l'air, along with its grammatical variants, are the same designation as the heavier-than-air. The study and development of this sort of aircraft are what constitutes aviation per se.

In France an early wave of heavier-than-air enthusiasts formed the Société d'encouragement pour la locomotion aérienne au moyen d'appareils plus lourds que l'air in the 1860s. Gabriel de La Landelle, Nadar, and Gustave-Louis-Marie de Ponton d'Amécourt were prominent members of this group; they published a manifesto, Manifeste de l'autolocomotion aérienne, in 1863.

The phrase “heavier-than-air”, being theoretically based as it is in theoretical juxtaposition to the early-dominant “lighter-than-air”, likely comes up less within patent titles as we track data further into the establishment of the airplane and so forth. Relatively late exceptions will include will include airplane-helicopter hybrids, for instance, in which the “heavier-than-air” assertion is absolute, but in which the invention fits no precisely formalized or established contemporaneous type of aircraft.

This wiki has 139 patents in category "Heavier-than-air". Other techtypes related to Heavier-than-air: Aéronautique, Aviation, CA 244/3, CA 244/4, CA 244/5, CA 244/6, GB 4 without buoyant, USPC 244/5

Patents in category Heavier-than-air

• Patent FR-1868-83069 (English title: system of aerial navigation without balloon, Inventors: De Louvrié)
• Patent CH-1910-52815 (English title: Aircraft, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent GB-1884-2339 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: William Quartermain)
• Patent GB-1884-7 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: John Kinnersley Smythies)
• Patent HU-1910-59091 (English title: Flying machine with an arrow-like body, Inventors: Aurel Vlaicu)
• Patent HU-1916-76904 (English title: Gateless hall for giant aircraft, Inventors: Kurt Dominik)
• Patent GB-1893-10852 (English title: Aerial machines without aerostats, Inventors: H. S. Maxim)
• Patent GB-1892-3872 (Inventors: Auguste Quentin • A. Guattari • Charles Guattari)
• Patent DE-1909-220044 (English title: Flying machine with rotating impellers in housings, Inventors: Carl Hanschke)
• Patent GB-1909-28464 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Flying Machines (in which gravity is used to effect the motion of flapping wings), Inventors: Newton Roberts Gordon)
• Patent FR-1909-418936.13067 (English title: Method and mechanism for creating ascensional force in heavier-than-air apparatus, Inventors: Marcel Belin • Barthélemy Jabouley • Paul Guery)
• Patent GB-1889-3360 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: John Craig)
• Patent GB-1892-9106 (English title: Aerial Machines, Inventors: J. F. Crease)
• Patent BE-1907-199964 (English title: flapping wing aviator, Inventors: J. Schülke)
• Patent BE-1907-199574 (English title: Airplane system (heavier-than-air), actually a hybrid system using ballonets in the furtherance of stability, Inventors: G. Berry)
• Patent FR-1868-82577 (English title: rational atmospheric locomotion by way of an improved air-ship very much heavier than air, Inventors: Brisson)
• Patent DE-1879-10842 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Julius Griese)
• Patent IT-1891-30980 (English title: Aviation, in vehicle propelled and sustained by production of its own artificial current, Inventors: Guido Castagneris)
• Patent IT-1892-32410 (English title: Aeronautic apparatus, Inventors: Natale Fabbica)
• Patent GB-1894-7919 (English title: Aërostation, and Apparatus employed therefor, Inventors: Joseph Hofmann)
• Patent GB-1893-16269 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Gustav Koch)
• Patent GB-1894-9347 (English title: Aerial Machines, Inventors: Henry Shepley Booth)
• Patent DE-1895-85688 (English title: Flying machine with wings on both sides spinning/swinging about transverse axes as propellers, Inventors: Henry Shepley Booth)
• Patent GB-1897-9864 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Dr. Bernhard Reinhard Beenen)
• Patent GB-1897-9734 (English title: Wings and Aeroplanes, Inventors: John Marshall)
• Patent GB-1898-22103 (English title: Aerial Machines and Anchoring Devices therefor, Inventors: Louis-Étienne Roze)
• Patent GB-1899-7442 (English title: Propelling Means Suitable for Use in Flying Machines, Inventors: David Malcolm Bowyer-Smyth)
• Patent GB-1899-8019 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Arthur Henry Philip Blunt)
• Patent LU-1901-4297 (English title: "Helicopter" or steerable heavier-than-air flying machine powered by propellers, Inventors: Maurice Léger)
• Patent GB-1901-1899 (English title: Airship, actually an LTA-hybrid employing heavier-than-air principles, specifically flapping wings aiding both in propulsion and ascension, Inventors: Heinrich Hildebrand)
• Patent HU-1902-25311 (English title: Airship, or Hybrid, possibly heavier-than-air, Inventors: Sándor Varga)
• Patent FR-1902-322203 (English title: Improvement to means and mechanisms for aerial navigation, Inventors: Thomas Moy)
• Patent DE-1902-139493 (English title: Dynamic flying machine (Ring flyer), Inventors: Georg Wellner)
• Patent HU-1903-29148 (English title: Airplane, odd, though likely heavier-than-air, Inventors: Ferencz Neidenbach)
• Patent FR-1904-342188 (English title: Aeronautic machines, Inventors: Orville Wright • Wilbur Wright)
• Patent FR-1904-326476.2435 (English title: "Self-Flying "Pichou"", Inventors: Alfred-Eugène Pichou)
• Patent GB-1903-12149 (English title: Improvements in aerial machines, Inventors: Henry Shepley Booth)
• Patent AU-1904-760 (English title: Aerial machines, Inventors: Henry Shepley Booth)
• Patent GB-1905-3214 (English title: Aerodromes or Flying Machines, Inventors: Edwin Richard Mumford)
• Patent FR-1906-367779 (English title: Flying machines, Inventors: Edwin Richard Mumford)
• Patent FR-1906-362683 (English title: Aviation system featuring centrifuge principles, Inventors: Édouard Louet)
• Patent ES-1906-38661 (English title: A heavier-than-air aircraft, Inventors: Joseph Maes)
• Patent FR-1906-369855 (English title: Air-Ship, heavier-than-air, specifically not an airplane, an aircraft using a vertical airscrew for elevation, Inventors: Joseph Maes)
• Patent IT-1907-87793 (English title: Wing for flying machine)
• Patent FR-1909-395469 (English title: Flying volante, Inventors: Preston Albert Watson)
• Patent GB-1907-23553 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Preston Albert Watson)
• Patent FR-1908-396932 (English title: Process and equipment for the utilization of the ascensional force of hot gases leaving the motors of aircraft, Inventors: Louis-Alexandre Cosme)
• Patent GB-1909-12556 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent GB-1909-9235 (English title: Improvements in or connected with Aerial Machine, Inventors: Henry Calder Lobnitz)
• Patent GB-1909-24888 (English title: Aerial Machines, Inventors: Ernest Lister)
• Patent FR-1908-395696 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Louis Balestrie)
• Patent FR-1909-395696.10528 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Louis Balestrie)
• Patent FR-1909-400718.10773 (English title: Ornithopter, heavier-than-air, mainly a rudder controlling altitude, Inventors: Frédéric Malfait • Aline Gay)
• Patent FR-1909-398943 (English title: Airplane with concentric cells, Inventors: Claudius Givaudan)
• Patent GB-1909-13608 (English title: Air-Ship, Inventors: Simon Lake)
• Patent FR-1908-394418 (English title: Use of compressed air in (multi-tube) pistons, Inventors: Marius Chantron)
• Patent US-1910-970616 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Thomas Alva Edison)
• Patent IT-1909-105411 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Simon Brubaker Minnich)
• Patent NZ-1910-27803 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent IT 1909-106667 (English title: Heavier-than-air self-lifting machine using one or more round mobile surfaces [themselves rotating and large? advancing through the atmosphere also by means of an appropriate propeller?], Inventors: Emille Guarino • Capredoni Guardenzio)
• Patent FR-1910-417255 (English title: Flying machine, airplane, design of interest, featuring floating propellers, Inventors: Carl Hanschke)
• Patent AU-1909-1372009 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Flying Machines (in which gravity is used to effect the motion of flapping wings), Inventors: Newton Roberts Gordon)
• Patent GB-1909-24902 (English title: Improvements to mechanical flying machines, Inventors: Robert Brocklehurst)
• Patent US-1909-964957 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Halvor Olsen Eiane)
• Patent FR-1909-418936 (English title: Method and mechanism for creating ascensional force in heavier-than-air apparatus, Inventors: Marcel Belin • Barthélemy Jabouley • Paul Guery)
• Patent AU-1909-16369 (English title: Flying machines, Inventors: George Montalt Bellasis)
• Patent AU-1909-16128 (English title: Flying machines, Inventors: George Edwin Richardson)
• Patent AU-1909-18014 (Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent AU-1910-18265 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: William Wallace Gibson • David William Hanbury)
• Patent FR-1910-415884 (English title: Aircraft, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent AU-1909-15987 (English title: Flying machines, Inventors: Simon Brubaker Minnich)
• Patent FR-1908-407411 (English title: Ornithopter, Inventors: Félix Michau)
• Patent FR-1910-404844.12788 (English title: Dirigible, actually a hybrid also utilizing principles of heavier-than-air, Inventors: Jean-Ferdinand-Nicolas-Émile Berrubé)
• Patent FR-1910-404844.12711 (English title: Dirigible, actually a hybrid also utilizing principles of heavier-than-air, Inventors: Jean-Ferdinand-Nicolas-Émile Berrubé)
• Patent GB-1910-2118 (English title: An Aeroplane Flying Machine, Inventors: Felix Icasate-Larios)
• Patent GB-1910-26658 (English title: Improved flying machine, Inventors: Aurel Vlaicu)
• Patent DK-1911-14850 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent HU-1910-53766 (English title: Aircraft (that is, an airplane design inclusive of flapping wings), Inventors: Alois Wolfmüller)
• Patent GB-1910-28188 (English title: Flying Machine with Wing Wheels Revolving in Housings, Inventors: Carl Hanschke)
• Patent DK-1910-14419 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Carl Hanschke)
• Patent HU-1910-53736 (English title: Airplane, rare design, Inventors: Carl Hanschke)
• Patent US-1911-1000273 (English title: Aerial Machine, Inventors: Henry Calder Lobnitz)
• Patent FR-1909-418936.14556 (English title: Method and mechanism for creating ascensional force in heavier-than-air apparatus, Inventors: Marcel Belin • Barthélemy Jabouley • Paul Guery)
• Patent FR-1911-422771 (English title: Airplane propulsion, Inventors: George Montalt Bellasis)
• Patent US-1909-1010443 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Simon Brubaker Minnich)
• Patent US-1910-1011683 (English title: Safety alighting attachment for flying-machines, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent AU-1910-20205 (English title: Safety alighting attachment for flying machines, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent FR-1910-422847 (English title: Parachute for flying machines, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent GB-1910-27118 (English title: Safety alighting attachment for flying-machines, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent AU-1911-493 (English title: Improvement in flying machines, Inventors: William Swart Romme)
• Patent GB-1911-255 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: William Elmer Dennis • Harry Say Breton)
• Patent FR-1911-429313 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Antoine Coulhon)
• Patent FR-1911-429078.14853 (English title: Flying machine with flapping wings, Inventors: Magloire Desjardins)
• Patent FR-1911-429078.14308 (English title: Flying machine with flapping wings, Inventors: Magloire Desjardins • Gabriel-Georges-François Gros)
• Patent FR-1911-429078 (English title: Flying machine with flapping wings, Inventors: Magloire Desjardins • Gabriel-Georges-François Gros)
• Patent FR-1910-424499 (English title: Propulsion-lift propeller for airplanes, Inventors: Émile Lallouette)
• Patent FR-1911-429645 (English title: Improvements to aeroplanes, actually an airplane-helicopter hybrid, Inventors: Alvaro Da Cunha)
• Patent GB-1910-25749 (English title: A Method of, and Apparatus for, Automatically Steadying and Controlling the Elevation of Flying Machines, and Facilitating the Starting and Landing thereof, Inventors: Gustav Mees)
• Patent FR-1910-429307 (English title: Improvements in airplanes, actually a helicopter-hybrid, Inventors: Joseph Boisseau)
• Patent FR-1911-434401 (English title: Improvements in airplanes, actually improvements applicable to the helicopter-hybrid described in an earlier patent, Inventors: Joseph Boisseau)
• Patent US-1910-999560 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Armin Helfer)
• Patent FR-1912-446365 (English title: Airplane with a spherical cabin, Inventors: Carl Franz Hubert Hertel • Carl Wilhelm Paul)
• Patent US-1912-1034429 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Thomas Augustus Dring)
• Patent GB-1910-26831 (English title: Flying Machines, Inventors: George Montalt Bellasis)
• Patent CH-1910-54598 (English title: Parachute for flying machines, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent DE-1910-Webb (English title: Airplane with collapsible parachute mounted above, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent AU-1912-3576 (English title: Flying machines, Inventors: William Elmer Dennis)
• Patent FR-1912-424499.15387 (English title: Propulsion-lift propeller for airplanes, Inventors: Émile Lallouette)
• Patent FR-1912-429645.15915 (English title: Improvements in airplanes, actually an airplane-helicopter hybrid, Inventors: Alvaro Da Cunha)
• Patent FR-1912-439989 (English title: Improvements to the means for mounting propellers, and more specifically ascending propellers with variable pitch, on aircraft, Inventors: Gustav Mees)
• Patent HU-1912-61305 (English title: Flying machine, airplane with spherical cabin, Inventors: Carl Franz Hubert Hertel • Carl Wilhelm Paul)
• Patent BE-1913-261720 (English title: Heavier-than-air-craft with movable wings, Inventors: Alcime-Henri-Théophile Jarnoux)
• Patent AT-1909-62755 (English title: Aircraft with beating wings, Inventors: Félix Michau)
• Patent AT-1910-60011 (English title: Parachute device for aircraft, Inventors: Jean Francis Webb)
• Patent FR-1913-461629 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Georges-Albert-Joseph Landais)
• Patent FR-1913-429078.17479 (English title: Flying machine with flapping wings, Inventors: Magloire Desjardins)
• Patent FR-1915-473760 (English title: Aerial route for airplanes, Inventors: Eugène Dujardin)
• Patent CH-1913-64627 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Rudolf Gottier • Gottfried Burkhalter)
• Patent CH-1914-67194 (English title: Flying machine based on bird flight, Inventors: Albert Weber)
• Patent FR-1913-474215 (English title: System of high-yield aerial lifting and propelling wings, Inventors: Charles Philippart • Trajan Vuia)
• Patent CH-1912-63002 (English title: Flying Machine, avion with spherical cabin, Inventors: Carl Franz Hubert Hertel • Carl Wilhelm Paul)
• Patent US-1915-1134756 (English title: Heavier-than-air flying machine, Inventors: Charles B. Nichols)
• Patent GB-1914-12574 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Aerial Machines, actually a range of applied observations aerodynamically pertinent to blades or wings, Inventors: Isaac Bell)
• Patent GB-1914-4543 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Aerial Machines and Aerial Driven Watercraft, actually an elaborately pivoting propeller, Inventors: Isaac Bell)
• Patent FR-1916-521764.23807 (English title: Improvements to aircraft which are heavier-than-air)
• Patent US-1917-1244367 (English title: Airship, Inventors: Prokop Jack Prokop)
• Patent CA-1917-177665 (English title: Dirigible airship, Inventors: Eddy L. Eddy)
• Patent AT-1912-75092 (English title: Swing Plane (gliders) with counter-operable drive levers, Inventors: Franz Xaver Wels • Dr. Albert Eder)
• Patent GB-1917-128268 (English title: Improvements in Flying Machines, Inventors: Maurice-Achille Lécuyer)
• Patent GB-1918-126909 (English title: Aircraft, Inventors: Hjalmar Pålson)
• Patent CH-1918-83424 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Hjalmar Pålson)
• Patent SE-1917-46288 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Hjalmar Pålson)
• Patent FR-1916-502520.22245 (English title: Rotary wing aircraft, Inventors: Alexis Beurrier • Edmond Bigourdan • Louis Lacoin)
• Patent FR-1915-502520 (English title: Improvements in Flying Machines with Revolving Wings, Inventors: Alexis Beurrier • Edmond Bigourdan • Louis Lacoin)
• Patent NL-1919-6062 (English title: Improvements to the wings of flying machines and other aircraft, Inventors: Alexander Albert Holle)
• Patent FR-1917-525800.23452 (English title: Aircraft capable of rising vertically and hovering in the air, Inventors: Maurice-Achille Lécuyer)
• Patent FR-1915-525800 (English title: Aircraft capable of rising vertically and hovering in the air, Inventors: Maurice-Achille Lécuyer)
• Patent FR-1916-521764 (English title: Improvements to aircraft which are heavier-than-air, actually an airplane-helicopter hybrid)
• Patent US-1913-1367839 (English title: Interlocking Balancing System, Inventors: John P. Tarbox)

Publications referring to heavier-than-air

• Aviación (Simple title: Aviación)
• Cayley, 1843, Retrospect of the progress of aërial navigation and demonstration of the principles by which it must be governed (Simple title: Retrospect of the progress of aërial navigation and demonstration of the principles by which it must be governed, Journal: Mech. Mag. Mus. Reg. Journ. Gaz.)
• Cayley, 1843, On the principles of aërial navigation (Simple title: On the principles of aërial navigation, Journal: Mech. Mag. Mus. Reg. Journ. Gaz.)
• De La Landelle, 1863, Aviation ou Navigation Aérienne (Simple title: Aviation or aerial navigation)
• Manifeste de l'autolocomotion aérienne, 1863 (Simple title: Aerial Autolocomotion Manifesto)
• Blerzy, 1863, Les aérostats et les aéronefs (Simple title: Aerostats and 'airships', Journal: Revue des Deux Mondes)
• Ponton d'Amécourt, 1864, La conquête de l'air par l'hélice (Simple title: The conquest of the air by the propeller. Presentation of a new aviation system)
• Publication 11328, 1866, Société d'Encouragement pour la Locomotion Aérienne, au moyen d'appareils plus lourds que l'air. Rapports par de la Landelle (Simple title: Société d'Encouragement pour la Locomotion Aérienne, using heavier-than-air devices. Reports by Landelle)
• Villeneuve, 1880, La distribution des prix de l'Institut Lombard de Milan en 1879 (Simple title: The prize distribution of the Milan Lombard Institute in 1879, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Landelle, 1882, Rectification (Simple title: Rectification, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Villeneuve, 1886, Gabriel de la Landelle (Simple title: Gabriel de La Landelle, Journal: L'Aéronaute)
• Bary, 1887, Navigation aérienne. La théorie du plus lourd que l'air appliquée à l'aérostation (Simple title: Air Navigation. The theory of heavier than air applied to ballooning, Journal: L'Aérostat)
• Lippert, 1888, Berichtigung: Ueber Arbeitsökonomie in der Flugbewegung (Simple title: Correction: On work-efficiency in aerial movement, Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Espitallier, 1889, L'aviation et le plus lourd que l'air (Simple title: Aviation and heavier than air, Journal: Cosmos)
• Maxim, 1891, Aerial navigation, The power required (Simple title: Aerial navigation, The power required, Journal: Century Mag.)
• Langley, 1891, The possibility of mechanical flight (Simple title: The possibility of mechanical flight, Journal: Century Mag.)
• Maxim, 1892, Progress in Aerial Navigation (Simple title: Progress in aerial navigation, Journal: Fortnightly Review)
• Maxim, 1892, Progress in Aerial Navigation (Simple title: Progress in aerial navigation, Journal: Fortnightly Review)
• Riley, 1894, Mr. Maxim's flying machine (Simple title: Mr. Maxim's flying machine, Journal: Scient. Amer.)
• Publication 8232, 1895, A new flying machine. Maxim's experiments in aerial navigation (Simple title: Maxim's experiments in aerial navigation, Journal: Century Mag.)
• Kress, 1896, Drachenflieger und Schraubenflieger (Simple title: Airplanes and helicopters, Journal: Zeitschr. Luftsch.)
• Steffen, 1898, Bericht über eine wichtige Entdeckung (Simple title: Report on an important discovery, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Krahnas, 1898, El Vuelo a la Vela i la Navigacion Aerea (Simple title: Soaring flight and aerial navigation, Journal: Anales del Instituto de Injenieros)
• Chanute, 1899, Conditions of success in the design of flying machines (Simple title: Conditions of success in the design of flying machines, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Chanute, 1899, Conditions of success in the design of flying machines (Simple title: Conditions of success in the design of flying machines, Journal: Ill. Aër. Mitt.)
• Publication 84, 1902, Aerial navigation by bodies heavier than the air (Simple title: Aerial navigation by bodies heavier than the air, Journal: Aer. World)
• Maxim, 1902, Aerial navigation by bodies heavier than air (1) (Simple title: Aerial navigation by bodies heavier than air, Journal: Aër. Journ.)
• Edison tells Dumont to get rid of balloons, 1902 (Simple title: Edison Tells Dumont to get Rid of Balloon)
• Publication 63, 1902, Laws and conditions governing practical airships (Simple title: Laws and conditions governing practical airships, Journal: Aer. World)
• Publication 61, 1902, How to fly (Simple title: How to fly, Journal: Aer. World)
• Publication 62, 1902, Irish's aerial machines--Alexander 1-2 (Simple title: Irish's aerial machines--Alexander 1-2, Journal: Aer. World)
• Blackden, 1903, Observations and experiments relative to equilibrium in air of a body heavier than air (Simple title: Observations and experiments relative to equilibrium in air of a body heavier than air, Journal: Aer. World)
• Lecornu, 1903, La navigation aérienne. Histoire documentaire et anecdotique (Simple title: Air navigation. Documentary and anecdotal history.)
• Publication 277, 1903, Aeroplane development (Simple title: Aeroplane development, Journal: Aer. World)
• Publication 2706, 1903, Octave Chanute in Wien (Simple title: Octave Chanute in Wien, Journal: Wien. Luftsch. Zeit.)
• Bacon, 1905, Balloons, airships and flying machines; by Gertrude Bacon (Simple title: Balloons, airships and flying machines; by Gertrude Bacon)
• Newcomb, 1906, Side-lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science (Simple title: Side lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science)
• Newcomb, 1906, Side-lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science (Simple title: Side lights on astronomy and kindred fields of popular science)
• Publication 3686, 1907, Dirigible balloon and heavier-than-air-machine contests at St. Louis (Simple title: Dirigible balloon and heavier-than-air-machine contests at St. Louis, Journal: Amer. Mag. Aeronautics)
• Martin, 1907, Die eroberung der luft; kritische betrachtungen über die motorluftschiffahrt (Simple title: The conquest of the air; critical observations on motorized air travel, with 5 illustrations)
• Pickering, 1908, The future of artificial flight (Simple title: The future of artificial flight, Journal: Aeronautics (US))
• Silberer, 1908, The art of flying (Simple title: The art of flying, Journal: Aeronautics (US))
• Menéndez Caballero, 1909, Caracteristica del tipo definitivo del aviador (Journal: Revista de Locomoción Aérea)
• Lougheed, 1910, Vehicles of the Air (Simple title: Vehicles of the Air)
• Brunet y Viadera, 1910, Curso de Aviación (Simple title: Course of aviation)
• Cadaval, 1911, Navegação Aérea (Simple title: Aerial Navigation)
• Chadeau, Emmanuel, 1985, État, Entreprise & Développement Économique : L’Industrie Aéronautique en France (1900-1940) Thèse pour le Doctorat, unpublished version (Simple title: State, Enterprise, and Economic Development: The aeronautic Industry in France (1900-1940), Journal: Doctoral thesis)
• Palmer, 2006, Dictatorship of the Air (Simple title: Dictatorship of the Air)
• Kalt, 2017, High in Desert Skies (Simple title: High in Desert Skies)

References

Enclosing categories	Simple tech terms
Subcategories	Airplane, Helicopter, Kite, Glider, Ornithopter, Projectile, Coleopter, Orthopter
Keywords	Lift, Aerodynamics, Propeller, Aéronautique, Aviation
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