Russia
RU is an abbreviation in this wiki referring to Russia.
There is an online Russian-to-English dictionary on Wikisource from 1945 and we can use URLs to link to the page on which a definition is found.[1] The Cyrillic names of Russian inventors and organizations present an added challenge to our data integration efforts, as phonetic transliterations differ according to the tongue and preferences of the transliterator.
Aero history
Военная аэронавтика - Б. Д. Потёмкин, that is, "Military Aviation" ; this work may be handy, in terms of history and perhaps in terms of historiography. This work, published in 1888, was sought in the interests of its being cited in connection with the early airplane of Alexandr Fedorovich Mozhaiskii. Comte Antoine Apraxine and others stand out prominently as well. Aside from touching upon a few early Russian aero-luminaries, the book begins with some references to key French, German and British journals. Then it goes over broad principles, aeronautics, or more properly it explores aerostatic systems, in great detail, and moves into aerodynamics. This may be a key theoretical overview analysis, from the Late 19th Century Russian point of view.
Russia commissioned an airship from Lebaudy Frères and received it in 1909.[2]
The country purchased a fair number of dirigibles and airplanes, and by 1914 had an air force of 263 aircraft. However it did not manufacture motors and fell behind other major powers in aircraft production during the war.[3]
Patents
Until 1917 the Russian legal acknowledgment of an invention was called Привилегіа, privilege. The government deliberately chose not to use the word patent, to avoid confusion with manufacturing licenses, and possibly for other philosophical/legal/social reasons.[4] The meaning of the privilege clearly changed from 1896 onward, with a 1906 law a significant turning point. The system changed somewhat in 1917 and among other things патент, patent, became the official name.
For the purpose of this project, however, we are using patent and privilege interchangeably to refer to these documents.
Patents were published in Svod Privilegii, some of which are available digitally from Hathitrust and more from the All-Russian Patent-Technical Library. We've also entered some from the 1909–1910 patent lists in Vozdukhoplavatel; these lists were actually compiled before granting, so not all of them were necessarily granted, and their page titles have the protection certificate numbers and not final numbers. (The risk of a title conflict is fortunately not too high because the protection certificate numbering doesn't appear to overlap with the final numbering for any given year.)
See also Russian patent office.
1812–1870
The Manifesto on Privileges for various Inventions and Discoveries in Crafts and Arts of 1812 created the privilege as a legal concept, and defining the process of applying to the Department of Manufactures and Internal Trade (initially part of the Ministry of Internal Affiars, then after 1819 of the Ministry of Finance. The Privilege Statute of 1833 expanded this law, providing for the application of supplementary patents, allowing for an inventor to sell his privileges, and making the novelty requirement more strict. After 1933 the rate of patents granted went from roughly 4 per year to 36 per year. Most of these dealt with agriculture and textiles.[5]
In 1845 patents for Russians lasted 10 years; for foreigners, only 1–6 years (at a cost of 200 roubles per annum). There were no supplements or extensions, and inventions had to be put into practice within six months.[6]
Throughout this period the issuing of a patent was at the state's discretion.[5]
1870–1896
In 1870 the State Council issued a decree titled On the Changes in Processing of Privileges for new Inventions and Discoveries. This law made the application for a privilege more of a formal process, and codified the status of the patent as the inventor's property. The Department of Trade and Manufactures handled manufacturing/industrial patents and the Department of Agriculture had responsibility for agricultural patents. "The privilege contained, besides the name of the holder and the date of application, the description of invention or improvement, the privilege term, a certification of the duty payment, a State certificate attesting the privilege holder’s right in the invention and a signature of the minister with the stamp of the department." Records were published in the Gazettes of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw.[7]
As of 1881, the The Russian Empire's Department of Trade and Manufactures (Департамента торговли и мануфактур) granted patents, based on one example.[8]
1896–1917
Pressure to modernize the system continued and the Russian Technical Society began working on revised legislation in 1879. Its commission delivered a report to the Ministry of Finances in 1893, recommending that Russia emulate Germany's system and extend the duration of the privilege years. The result was ultimately the Statute of invention and improvement privileges of 1896. This law created a dedicated patent office, the "Committee on Technical Affairs", within the Department of Trade and Manufactures—and a patent library.[9]
The system continued to evolve, with a 1906 law apparently leading to the issuing of provisional protection certificate and a serial number for filed patents. (We will use the "Serial number" field in the patent template for this first number.) After examination and other due procedure patents could then be granted and issued a final number. Classifications also came into use, first a smaller number of Groups with Roman numerals (Group V being relevant), changing circa 1910 to a German-like system with Класс 62b for aeronautics.
The information and regulations described in the sections below mainly applies to patents filed after 1896. (The vast majority of imperial Russian aero patents fall into this category.)
Information on a patent
Patents c. 1896–1917 typically have the following information:
- Classification at top left
- Final patent number at top right
- Under ПРИВИЛЕГІЯ ("privilege", patent), the date granted (Julian, see below)
- Under ОПИСАНІЕ ("description"), a short title (grammatically genitive, as in 'description of')
- The inventor's name, preceded by status/occupation and spelled Latin as well as Cyrillic if appropriate
- For foreign filers the status is (some grammatical variation of) иностранец
- In the same line, inventors' location, filing date, and number of protection certificate (охранительныя свидѣтельства, abbreviated охр. св.)
The main structure of the patent is similar to that found at other offices, with claims (предмет, objectum) and illustrations at the end. The beginning of the claims section has a citation, which seems to be standard, of the relevant law of 1906, Article 198.
Filing regulations
The major law in effect at the beginning of the 20th century (up to the Revolution) was dated 20 May (=1 June Gregorian) 1896. The rules are described by Thompson, Handbook of Patent Law in All Countries (1915), pp. 199–203.
- Patents last for 15 years, subject to annual fees; additions can be filed and they expire at the same time as the original, with no additional annual fees. (Or improvements to an invention can be filed as an independent patent, which will have its own 15-year duration.)
- Patents must be filed by the true inventor or his representative.
- Examination system: "Inventions are examined as regards novelty by experts and committees representatives [sic] of the various departments of state; against the decision of these an appeal can be had to a general meeting of the Technical Committee." Anything already patented, already well described in the literature of any country, or a minor modification of an existing well known invention, could not be patented. Chemical products, food, drinks, medicines, apparatus for making medicine, as well as anything dangerous to the state or public morals, could not be patented.
- Patents were not granted if the technology—munitions, for example—would be 'useful' to government only. Other military technology could be patented with the caveat that the government automatically has the right to use them.
- If a patent had already been filed in another country, it could still be filed by the inventor or his assign in Russia, as long as it had not yet been known in Russia. Such a patent would have its duration to the shortest term of international filing.[10]
- German filings: "The production of a patent granted in Germany for the same invention will often expedite the examination, and Russians frequently apply for patents in Germany before applying in their own country."
- Model: "Besides the usual drawings and specification, a model is required when in the opinion of the examiners the case requires such for the full understanding of the invention."
- Patents must be shown to work within five years or they become void.
- Submitted patents had provisional protection.
- "Assignments of entire interest must be registered, and licenses or partial assignments are not recognized."
Dates
The Russian government used the Orthodox/Julian calendar until February 1918, when the Revolutionary government declared that February 1–13 would be skipped and the country synchronized with the Gregorian calendar. The Julian date was 12 days behind the Gregorian date throughout the 19th century, and 13 days behind after 13 March 1900 Gregorian (29 February 1900 Julian; the Gregorian system omits the leap year at the century, hence the increasing discrepancy). Here we note Julian filing dates but enter the Gregorian equivalent in the patent template so that dates will align properly across countries. When in doubt, Petko Yotov's website has a lightweight conversion chart.
Sometimes (when a date falls at the end of December) this conversion has the effect that our "year filed" or "year granted" for a patent is one year after the Julian year originally used.
See also
References
- ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Dictionary_of_spoken_Russian_(1945).djvu
- ↑ The Aero, Vol. 1, 20 July 1909, p. 134. "The Lebaudy airship Russie has now been packed up and despatched to Russia, so that even that backward country is in front of England, as she possesses a really first-class dirigible."
- ↑ Bachler, 1996, p. 12.
- ↑ Gouzevitch and Gouzevitch, 2020, pp. 89–90.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gouzevitch and Gouzevitch, 2020, pp. 91–95.
- ↑ Urling, 1845, p. 266.
- ↑ Gouzevitch and Gouzevitch, 2020, pp. 96–98.
- ↑ Mozhaisky's 1881 patent on Wikisource
- ↑ Gouzevitch and Gouzevitch, 2020, pp. 98–102.
- ↑ This limitation is described explicitly in the header of Patent RU-1911-25854, and attributed to 1906 Russian industrial law, 198/16.
Extended Patent Reports
This wiki has 97 Russian patents and 151 patents filed by Russians. This wiki has 5 Soviet patents and 1 patents filed by Soviets.
By grant year:
By filing year:
Patents filed in Russia
- Patent RU-1909-41398 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: A. von Rahden • Baron A. von Rahden • Baron A. E. von Raden)
- Patent RU-1910-42178 (English title: Flying machine with safety device, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-411176)
- Patent RU-1910-41980 (English title: Propeller, Inventors: Guido Antoni • Ugo Antoni)
- Patent RU-1910-41952 (English title: aircraft propeller, Inventors: Wilhelm Pega • Karl Emich, Applicant firm: Пегу и К° • Эмих • Pega & Co. • Karl Emich)
- Patent RU-1910-41934 (English title: Propeller-driven mechanical sled, Inventors: V. Zheltoukhov)
- Patent RU-1909-41467 (English title: ornithopter, Inventors: Félix Michau • Феликс Мишо, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1908-407411)
- Patent RU-1909-41871 (English title: Propeller mechanism for aeronautical vessels, Inventors: Charles Mylo Lee, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1908-12-14-Lee)
- Patent RU-1909-41559 (English title: Gondola for controllable aerostat of the vertical frame type, Inventors: Villehad Forssman • Villehad Henrik Forssman)
- Patent RU-1909-41484 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: V. V. Christian)
- Patent RU-1909-41481 (English title: Engine ventilator for flying apparatus, Inventors: S. Biletsky)
- Patent RU-1909-41475 (English title: Turning apparatus for airplanes, Inventors: Wilhelm Jakob Hoffmann)
- Patent RU-1909-41458 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: B. Kosinski)
- Patent RU-1909-41312 (English title: Windmill wheel, propeller, etc., primarily for aeronautical apparatus, Inventors: Hermann Ruthenberg)
- Patent RU-1909-40937 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Camille Enderlin • Jules Raclot, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-402649)
- Patent RU-1909-40924 (English title: Airship, Inventors: V. Voshkolup)
- Patent RU-1909-40913 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: I. Maleev)
- Patent RU-1900-8006 (English title: Dirigible, Controllable balloon, Inventors: Charles Stanley)
- Patent RU-1909-40909 (English title: Method of lifting and moving heavy bodies using air blowers, and a flying machine based on this method)
- Patent RU-1909-40825 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Émile-Jean-Jules Salmson • Эмил Сальмсон • Pierre-Emmanuel Aimé • Пьер Эмә, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1908-395066)
- Patent RU-1909-40811 (English title: Apparatus used to produce lifting or driving force in air or in water, Inventors: B. Yuryev • Борис Николаевич Юрьев • Boris Nikolayevitch Yuryev)
- Patent RU-1909-40705 (English title: Device for helicoidal deformation of airplane wings, Applicant firm: Société Antoinette • Обществу Антуанетъ, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-07-01 Société Antoinette)
- Patent RU-1909-40694 (English title: Flying machine with propellers, Inventors: A. Voytsekhovsky)
- Patent RU-1909-40646 (English title: Method for attaining stability in airplanes automatically, Inventors: A. Gorokhov)
- Patent RU-1839-168 (English title: Air blowing machine, Inventors: Карл Иванович Потье • Charles Michel Ivanovich Poitier)
- Patent RU-1880-103 (English title: Aeronautical equipment, Inventors: Alexandr Fedorovich Mozhaiskii)
- Patent RU-1888-Raziewitsch (English title: Helicopter, Inventors: Raziewitsch)
- Patent RU-1894-94 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent RU-1898-2588 (English title: Device for communicating motion to aerostats, Inventors: Edward Zarski, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1898-278192)
- Patent RU-1897-3845 (English title: Flying projectile/apparatus, Inventors: Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent RU-1898-6002 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: А. Курченинов)
- Patent RU-1899-8262 (English title: Aerostatic device, Inventors: Henry Boinet • Louis-Étienne Roze, Applicant firm: Анри Буане и К°, Общество авиаторов Роза • Société Henry Boinet et compagnie, Société des Aviateurs Roze • Société Henry Boinet et compagnie, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1899-Boinet)
- Patent RU-1901-8402 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Augusto Severo, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1901-21099)
- Patent RU-1901-8260 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Maurice Léger, Supplementary to patent: Patent HU-1901-22471)
- Patent RU-1901-8413 (English title: Collapsible tethered airplane, Inventors: Jean Tarbe, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1900-300646)
- Patent RU-1901-8414 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: C. de Rostaing Lisboâ, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1901-311132)
- Patent RU-1898-8388 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1895-98580)
- Patent RU-1898-8387 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Jean Dusséqué • Jean-Xiste Dusséqué, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1898-275602)
- Patent RU-1899-8545 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: С. Данилов • S. Danilov)
- Patent RU-1905-Rebikov (English title: Helicopter, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov)
- Patent RU-1903-11858 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Philippe Delbert, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1902-328044)
- Patent RU-1903-12046 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Howard de Walden • Hans Knudsen, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1902-24336)
- Patent RU-1902-11972 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Antoine-Padoue Filippi, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1902-326727)
- Patent RU-1900-11507 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Firmin Bousson, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1899-292828)
- Patent RU-1904-14203 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Hippolyte Louis Malécot, Applicant firm: Société Malécot & Cie • Малеко и К°, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1904-342610)
- Patent RU-1903-13761 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Émile-Médéric Bossuet, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1903-333745)
- Patent RU-1904-14440 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Francisco Rafael De Urruela, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1904-339659)
- Patent RU-1904-15010 (English title: Biplane frame, Inventors: Wilbur Wright • Orville Wright, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1903-821393)
- Patent RU-1907-17541 (English title: Flying machine, embodying a combination of helicopter and aeroplane, Inventors: С. Ощевский-Круглик • S. Oshchevsky-Kruglik)
- Patent RU-1907-16995 (English title: Steerable aerostat, Inventors: Alonzo Perry Bliven, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1906-850616)
- Patent RU-1910-21597 (English title: System for turning airplane wings, Inventors: John Washington Wilson)
- Patent RU-1909-41470 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Константин Яковлевич Данилевский • Konstantin Yakovlevich Danielewsky • Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent RU-1907-16970 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1907-377212)
- Patent RU-1909-19381 (English title: Screw wheel for water or wind, Inventors: William Snee, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1909-970404)
- Patent RU-1909-19735 (English title: Mobile joints for metal sheets in a balloon envelope, Inventors: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
- Patent RU-1908-19664 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: Anthony Rudolph Silverston, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1908-1072664)
- Patent RU-1908-18334 (English title: Self-regulating valve for aerostat., Applicant firm: August Riedinger Ballonfabrik Augsburg G.m.b.H. • Аугсбургская фабрика воздушных шаров Августа Ридингера, Supplementary to patent: Gebrauchsmuster DE-1907-04-19 • Patent DE-1907-200871)
- Patent RU-1908-18380 (English title: Fusiform balloon hull, Inventors: Wilhelm Rettig • Matthias Koenen)
- Patent RU-1909-19928 (English title: Automatic stability system for airplanes, Inventors: Augustus Moore Herring, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1909-12256)
- Patent RU-1909-19835 (English title: Drive mechanism for propellers of aerostats of flying machines in general, Inventors: Johann Schütte)
- Patent RU-1909-20131 (English title: Connecting frame for dirigible aerostats, Inventors: Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-398917)
- Patent RU-1908-18506 (English title: Airplane propeller, Inventors: V. Vishnevsky)
- Patent RU-1908-18789 (English title: Aeronautical apparatus, Applicant firm: Aeroplano Company • Общество Аэропланная Компания, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1906-872334)
- Patent RU-1909-19792 (English title: Folding tubular frame for oblong balloons, Inventors: Carl Edler von Radinger • Rudolf Wagner, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1908-218701)
- Patent RU-1909-19789 (English title: Apparatus for injecting or removing gas from ballonets within an enclosing aerostat, Inventors: Johann Schütte)
- Patent RU-1909-19674 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Arthur Henry Edwards • Martin Diederich Rucker, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1908-4519)
- Patent RU-1909-19712 (English title: Piston for internal combustion engines, Applicant firm: Обществу двигателей „Гномъ“ • Обществу двигателей Гномъ • Société Des Moteurs Gnôme, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-06-22-Gnôme)
- Patent RU-1910-22557 (English title: Aerial propeller with crossing blades, Inventors: Josef Kirchberger, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1910-421375)
- Patent RU-1910-22010 (English title: Rigid hollow blade for aerial propeller, Inventors: Conrad Claessen, Supplementary to patent: Patent HU-1910-62713)
- Patent RU-1910-21469 (English title: Apparatus for shielding airship landing areas from wind, Inventors: Hermann Gothan, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1908-227979)
- Patent RU-1910-20878 (English title: Method of preparing gas for airships, Inventors: Oskar Nauss, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1909-226609)
- Patent RU-1907-21172 (English title: Flying machine of the helicopter type, Inventors: Константин Александрович Антонов • Konstantin Alexandrovich Antonov)
- Patent RU-1909-21270 (English title: Device for automatic control of airplane stabilizers, Inventors: Burt Jackson Pressey, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1908-1081147)
- Patent RU-1909-21761 (English title: Stabilizing apparatus for airplane, Inventors: Gustave Plaisant, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-403985 • Patent FR-1909-404954)
- Patent RU-1910-21037 (English title: Screw propeller, Inventors: Guido Antoni • Ugo Antoni)
- Patent RU-1906-21016 (English title: Hydroaeroplane, Inventors: Enrico Forlanini, Supplementary to patent: Patent IT-1904-71869)
- Patent RU-1909-21180 (English title: Improvements to flying machines, Inventors: Robert Pearce Elworthy, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1909-2540)
- Patent RU-1909-21867 (English title: Paddle-wheel for flying machines, provided with device for automatic turning of the blades, Inventors: Simon Brubaker Minnich, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1909-1010443)
- Patent RU-1910-22701 (English title: Airplane support surface, Inventors: William Swart Romme, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1910-1041876)
- Patent RU-1910-22820 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Theodor Dobresco • Marie Jasogne, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1910 Theodor Dobresco and Marie Jasogne)
- Patent RU-1908-18450 (English title: Cloth rudder for aeronautical apparatus, Applicant firm: Motorluftschiff Studiengesellschaft m.b.H, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1907-202942)
- Patent RU-1910-22321 (English title: System for controlling airplane wings, Inventors: Edmond de Marçay • Émile Moonen, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-419308)
- Patent RU-1909-21459 (English title: Angular aerostat, Inventors: John Joseph Rekar, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1908-922952)
- Patent RU-1910-23011 (English title: System for airplane wing warping, Inventors: А. Кунаев • A. Kunaev)
- Patent RU-1910-22698 (English title: Aluminum airplane, Inventors: N. Kuznetzov • P. F. Nikitin)
- Patent RU-1911-22891 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Dane Hurlburt, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1910-420958)
- Patent RU-1911-25580 (English title: Airplane with articulated tail, Inventors: Lewis Ginter Young, Supplementary to patent: Patent US-1911-1109891)
- Patent RU-1911-24942 (English title: System for communicating rocking motion to the folding surfaces of flying apparatus, Applicant firm: Luftschiffsantrieb G.m.b.H., Supplementary to patent: Patent RU-1908-18506)
- Patent RU-1910-23136 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Joseph Wetterwald, Supplementary to patent: Patent CH-1910-52816)
- Patent RU-1910-23976 (English title: Monoplane, Inventors: Louis Blériot, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1910-12-12 Louis Blériot)
- Patent RU-1911-26113 (English title: Mechanism for controlling the flapping of a flying machine's wings, Inventors: Hermann Hassenbach, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1911-62092)
- Patent RU-1912-27040 (English title: Internal combustion engine with radical cylinders and shaft rotating in opposite directions, and with central distribution, Applicant firm: Первое Российское Товарищество Воздухоплавания С. С. Щетинин и К° • First Russian Aeronautics Company Shchetinin & Co.)
- Patent RU-1912-26553 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: George Brougham Hubert Austin, Supplementary to patent: Patent AU-1911-510)
- Patent RU-1909-27293 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Todd Churchill Woodworth)
- Patent RU-1912-26171 (English title: Oblong aerostat, Inventors: Johann Schütte, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1911-258741)
- Patent RU-1911-25854 (English title: Method of suspending a gondola from an aerostat, Applicant firm: Motorluftschiff Studiengesellschaft m.b.H)
- Patent RU-1912-26996 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: N. Litinsky)
- Patent RU-1913-27778 (English title: Self-propelled bomb driven by compressed air, Applicant firm: Société des Moteurs Salmson • Societe des Moteurs Salmson (Systeme Canton & Unne) • Общество Двигателей Сальмсона (системы Кантона и Юнне), Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1913-454487)
Patents filed by Russians
- Patent NL-1912-70 (English title: Device for utilizing the internal energy of the undulating and turbulent elements (middle materials), Inventors: Capitaine Jan Jaaksen)
- Patent CH-1912-62201 (English title: Device for utilizing the energy of internal movements of fluids, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent FI-1912-4982 (English title: A device for using the internal energy of wavy, turbulent media, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent CH-1912-62201 • Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent IT-1907-91047 (English title: Steering balloon and boats, Inventors: Roman Pomianowski, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1907-36106)
- Patent BE-1907-202376 (English title: Steering for balloons, etc., Inventors: Roman Pomianowski, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1907-36106)
- Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat (English title: Airplane of automatic stability, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent RU-1910-41934 (English title: Propeller-driven mechanical sled, Inventors: V. Zheltoukhov)
- Patent RU-1909-41458 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: B. Kosinski)
- Patent RU-1909-40924 (English title: Airship, Inventors: V. Voshkolup)
- Patent RU-1909-40913 (English title: Flying machine, Inventors: I. Maleev)
- Patent RU-1909-40909 (English title: Method of lifting and moving heavy bodies using air blowers, and a flying machine based on this method)
- Patent RU-1909-40811 (English title: Apparatus used to produce lifting or driving force in air or in water, Inventors: B. Yuryev • Борис Николаевич Юрьев • Boris Nikolayevitch Yuryev)
- Patent RU-1909-40694 (English title: Flying machine with propellers, Inventors: A. Voytsekhovsky)
- Patent RU-1909-40646 (English title: Method for attaining stability in airplanes automatically, Inventors: A. Gorokhov)
- Patent AR-1910-7639 (Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent RU-1839-168 (English title: Air blowing machine, Inventors: Карл Иванович Потье • Charles Michel Ivanovich Poitier)
- Patent FR-1864-64369 (English title: Aerial navigation system with ammonia gas, Inventors: Nicholas de Telescheff • Michniewicz)
- Patent FR-1877-118987 (English title: Improvements to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent FR-1878-124576 (English title: Improvements to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent US-1879-213603 (English title: Aerial balloon, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent DE-1878-6372 (English title: Innovations on balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent FR-1880-124576E2 (English title: improvements brought to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1878-124576)
- Patent FR-1880-124576E1 (English title: improvements brought to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1878-124576)
- Patent ES-1880-1217 (English title: improvements brought to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent CA-1881-13782 (English title: Improvements in aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent DE-1881-Moshaiski (English title: Aircraft with motor, Inventors: Moshaiski)
- Patent FR-1881-124576E3 (English title: improvements brought to aerial balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1878-124576)
- Patent RU-1880-103 (English title: Aeronautical equipment, Inventors: Alexandr Fedorovich Mozhaiskii)
- Patent ES-1882-1522 (English title: A system of new improvement in air balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine, Supplementary to patent: Patent ES-1881-1217)
- Patent CA-1881-13781 (English title: Improvements in Aerial Balloons, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent DE-1881-18228 (English title: Control device for airships, Inventors: Otto Graf)
- Patent RU-1888-Raziewitsch (English title: Helicopter, Inventors: Raziewitsch)
- Patent GB-1888-4552 (English title: Balloon railway, Inventors: Comte Antoine Apraxine)
- Patent US-1893-510492 (English title: Balloon, Inventors: Joachim Adolfowicz Sumovski)
- Patent US-1893-511472 (English title: Tubular structure filled with gaseous fluid, Inventors: Joachim Adolfowicz Sumovski)
- Patent FR-1894-242545 (English title: Air-Ship, Inventors: D. N. Tchernouchenko)
- Patent RU-1894-94 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent DE-1897-103105 (English title: Airship consisting of wing mechanism hanging from a balloon, Inventors: Konstantin Danilewsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent RU-1897-3845)
- Patent RU-1897-3845 (English title: Flying projectile/apparatus, Inventors: Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent FR-1903-335422 (English title: Valve for automatic compressed fluid or vacuum brakes, or other installations operated by pressurized fluids as well as for water, oil, gas or other conduits circulating fluids under positive or negative pressure, Inventors: Wassilly Lomoff, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1903-18762)
- Patent FR-1904-340357 (English title: Aviation apparatus, Inventors: Georges Willaime)
- Patent RU-1899-8545 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: С. Данилов • S. Danilov)
- Patent RU-1905-Rebikov (English title: Helicopter, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov)
- Patent DE-1906-207740 (English title: Airscrew, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov)
- Patent FR-1906-364164 (English title: Aviation system, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov, Supplementary to patent: Patent RU-1905-Rebikov)
- Patent DE-1906-190421 (English title: Balloon railway, Inventors: Anempodist Wertogradsky)
- Patent FR-1907-376236 (English title: Balloon railway, Inventors: Anempodist Vertogradsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1906-190421)
- Patent GB-1906-6502 (English title: Helicopter-Airplane, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov, Supplementary to patent: Patent RU-1905-Rebikov)
- Patent FR-1907-381285 (English title: control for balloons, etc., Inventors: Roman Pomianowski, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1907-36106)
- Patent US-1906-850800 (English title: Airship, Inventors: John Shukwech)
- Patent FR-1908-390933 (English title: Device realizing the solution of the basic problem of aerostation, Inventors: Etienne de Ostchefsky-Krouglik)
- Patent DK-1908-10764 (English title: Balloon railway, Inventors: Anempodist Wertogradsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1906-190421)
- Patent AT-1907-36106 (English title: Control for air and water vehicles, Inventors: Roman Pomianowski)
- Patent DK-1907-11280 (English title: Steering device for airships and the like, Inventors: Roman Pomianowski, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1907-36106)
- Patent FR-1907-394309 (English title: Orthopter apparatus, Inventors: Spiridon Tsapenko • Joseph-Michel-Ambroise Farcot)
- Patent FR-1908-387393 (English title: improvements to dirigibles, Inventors: Pierre Tkatchenko)
- Patent FR-1908-390515 (English title: Manner of aerial navigation, Inventors: Wladimir Tatarinoff)
- Patent FR-1909-394677 (Inventors: Jan Cymbalist)
- Patent FR-1909-398599 (English title: Improvements to driving paddles for aerostats, Inventors: Georges Veriga-Darewsky)
- Patent GB-1908-16300 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Air Ships and the like, Inventors: Ivan Osipovitch Tzimbalist)
- Patent FR-1910-417192 (English title: aerial train, Inventors: Spiridon Tsapenko)
- Patent GB-1910-14455 (English title: Improvements in propellers for aerial machines, Inventors: Jakob Wojciechowski)
- Patent ES-1910-48087 (English title: A kite-based airplane system, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent FR-1910-416267 (English title: Airplane system, essentially using box kites in the furtherance of ascension, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent US-1910-976732 (English title: Gyroscopic rocket, Inventors: Nicolas Gherassimoff)
- Patent GB-1909-29150 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Gas Bags or Envelopes, more particularly intended for use with Airships, Inventors: Konstantin Tziolkovski)
- Patent DE-1910-241266 (English title: Airplane with elevator mounted over the main wing, Inventors: Michael Uschkoff)
- Patent FR-1910-419490 (English title: metallic aerostat, Inventors: Konstantin Tziolkovski, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1909-29150)
- Patent FR-1910-418531 (English title: Thruster for aeronautical machines, Inventors: Nicolai Porubin)
- Patent FR-1910-413000 (Inventors: Wasily Lewitsky • Paul Lyssow, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1910-3305)
- Patent FR-1910-418119 (English title: Motor for aviation, Inventors: Nicolas Kamarin)
- Patent DE-1909-228654 (English title: Apparatus for climbing and reaching into the air by the recoil of exploding gas mixtures, Inventors: Christopher Antoonovich)
- Patent RU-1909-41470 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: Константин Яковлевич Данилевский • Konstantin Yakovlevich Danielewsky • Konstantin Danilewsky)
- Patent FR-1909-410207 (English title: Airplane support, Inventors: Michel de Zelensky)
- Patent GB-1909-18829 (English title: Improvements in Aeroplanes, Inventors: Alexis Rogestvensky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1909-49294)
- Patent FR-1909-406180 (English title: Aeroplane system, Inventors: Alexis Rogestvensky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1909-49294)
- Patent FR-1909-409203 (English title: Flat sail aerial wing, expandable on the move using mercury, air or compressed gas, Inventors: Alexis Lupoff)
- Patent FR-1909-410886 (English title: Air-Ship, Inventors: Floryan Grubinski)
- Patent GB-1909-14476 (English title: Improvements in Automatically Balancing and Maintaining the Equilibrium and Steering of Flying-machines, Inventors: Chessborough Henry James Mackenzie-Kennedy)
- Patent RU-1907-17541 (English title: Flying machine, embodying a combination of helicopter and aeroplane, Inventors: С. Ощевский-Круглик • S. Oshchevsky-Kruglik)
- Patent FR-1909-417741.13209 (English title: Aeroplane, Inventors: Spiridon Tsapenko, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-417741)
- Patent FR-1909-417741 (English title: Aeroplane, Inventors: Spiridon Tsapenko)
- Patent US-1911-999337 (English title: Helicopter hybrid, Inventors: Vassily Rebikov, Supplementary to patent: Patent RU-1905-Rebikov)
- Patent FR-1911-431069 (English title: Engine for utilizing the energy of transverse wind and wave oscillations, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent GB-1910-30139 (English title: Improvements in Flying Machines, more specifically, an automatic stabilizer and regulator of speed, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent FR-1911-435057 (English title: Thruster for dirigibles, aeroplanes, etc, Inventors: Alexander Polestchuk)
- Patent GB-1911-9109 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Aeroplanes and the like, Inventors: Michael Ouschkoff)
- Patent FR-1911-428604 (English title: Aircraft Elevator System, Inventors: Michael Ouschkoff, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1910-241266)
- Patent FR-1911-421799 (English title: Aéroplane, Inventors: Arthur Leleu)
- Patent NO-1911-21587 (Inventors: Nicolaus de Benois)
- Patent FR-1911-427557 (English title: Propeller, Inventors: Oleg de Wassilkovsky)
- Patent GB-1910-16463 (English title: Improvements in the Admission and Exhaust of Two-stroke Cycle Internal Combustion Engines, Inventors: Nicolas Kamarin)
- Patent FR-1911-425211 (English title: Device for automatic stability for aeroplanes, Inventors: Adolph Klein)
- Patent FR-1911-424474.14071 (English title: Automatic stabilizer and cruise control for airplanes and other aviation apparatus, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1910-424474)
- Patent FR-1910-424474 (English title: Automatic stabilizer and cruise control for airplanes and other aviation apparatus, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent FR-1911-432031 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Michael Rukawischnikoff)
- Patent RU-1909-19735 (English title: Mobile joints for metal sheets in a balloon envelope, Inventors: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
- Patent ES-1912-53109 (English title: A, automatically stable airplane, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent FR-1912-448807 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Adalbert Plaček)
- Patent GB-1912-21631 (English title: Improvements in or relating to Aerial Machines, that is airplane, Inventors: Adalbert Plaček)
- Patent GB-1911-12232 (English title: A Method of Utilizing the Oscillations of the Wind and Waves and Motors for this purpose, Inventors: Jan Jaakson)
- Patent ES-1912-52792 (English title: An arrangement for harnessing the internal energy of wavy and eddy media, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent FR-1912-444219 (English title: apparatus designed to hover in place, in the air, and to rise, without the aeroplane changing elevation (or even taking off?), Inventors: Georges Agaronoff)
- Patent FR-1912-431069.16054 (English title: Engine for utilizing the energy of transverse wind and wave oscillations, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1911-431069 • Patent CH-1912-62201 • Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent FR-1911-434077 (English title: Airplane tilt automatic adjustment device, Inventors: Paul Benni)
- Patent AT-1911-54438 (English title: Aircraft controls, Inventors: Michael Ouschkoff, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1910-241266)
- Patent GB-1912-11493 (English title: Aeroplane having Automatic Stability, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent GB-1912-20941 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Aeroplanes, Inventors: Michael Rukawischnikoff, Supplementary to patent: Patent DE-1912-02-13 Michael Rukawischnikoff)
- Patent FR-1912-432031.15474 (English title: Airplane, Inventors: Michael Rukawischnikoff, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1911-432031)
- Patent AU-1912-545612 (English title: Aeroplane having automatic stability, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent FR-1912-443330 (English title: Automatically stabilized aeroplane, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent AT-1909-49294 (English title: Device for flying machines, Inventors: Alexis Rogestvensky)
- Patent US-1909-1024102 (English title: Flying-machine, Inventors: Alexis Rogestvensky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1909-49294)
- Patent GB-1912-8591 (English title: Improvements in Mechanical Flight, Inventors: Nicolas Globa)
- Patent RU-1910-22698 (English title: Aluminum airplane, Inventors: N. Kuznetzov • P. F. Nikitin)
- Patent RU-1910-22321 (English title: System for controlling airplane wings, Inventors: Edmond de Marçay • Émile Moonen, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1909-419308)
- Patent RU-1910-23011 (English title: System for airplane wing warping, Inventors: А. Кунаев • A. Kunaev)
- Patent DE-1910-243835 (English title: Propeller for water- and aircraft, Inventors: Alexander Polestchuk)
- Patent FR-1912-445339 (English title: Process and apparatus for setting an airplane into movement by the pilot himself, without the help of an assistant, Inventors: Michel Efimoff)
- Patent RU-1907-21172 (English title: Flying machine of the helicopter type, Inventors: Константин Александрович Антонов • Konstantin Alexandrovich Antonov)
- Patent DK-1912-17911 (English title: Propulsion device for utilizing the energy of undulating and swirling media, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent CH-1912-62201 • Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent CA-1912-145897 (English title: Mechanical motor, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent CH-1912-62201 • Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent US-1913-1065656 (English title: Automatic means for steering and balancing aerial machines, Inventors: Paul Benni)
- Patent FR-1913-459262 (English title: Flying machine that can rise vertically, Inventors: Alexei Schidkoff)
- Patent FR-1913-461463 (English title: Flying machine with automatic stabilizers, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent FR-1913-459222 (English title: Airplane stability device, Inventors: Serge Tscherwinsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1913-66955)
- Patent GB-1913-11999 (English title: Airplane stability apparatus, Inventors: Sergei Tscherwinsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1913-66955)
- Patent AU-1912-604812 (English title: A device for utilizing oscillations of the wind and waves, Inventors: Jan Jaakson, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1911-12232)
- Patent FR-1913-462243 (English title: Universal bicycle, Inventors: Wladimir Kourtschynski)
- Patent FR-1913-459230 (English title: Apparatus for progressive movement in the air on aerial wheels, Inventors: Nicolas Globa, Supplementary to patent: Patent GB-1912-8591)
- Patent FR-1913-463010 (English title: Aeroplane with a movable weight, aiding in stability, particularly during landing and take-off, Inventors: Boleslaw Jeziowski)
- Patent GB-1913-8034 (English title: Air-ships, Inventors: Ogneslav Ignaz Kosstovitch)
- Patent DK-1912-18402 (English title: Aeroplane that is automatically kept stable, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent CH-1912-63003 (English title: Monoplane, Inventors: Adalbert Plaček)
- Patent CH-1912-63001 (English title: Aeroplane of automatic stability, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent AT-1913-66955 (English title: Airplane with features of automatic stability based entirely in the phenomena of aerodynamics, Inventors: Sergei Tscherwinsky)
- Patent HU-1913-63964 (English title: Airplane with stabilizing device, Inventors: Sergei Tscherwinsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1913-66955)
- Patent CH-1913-64628 (English title: Airplane with apparatus of automatic stability, Inventors: Sergei Tscherwinsky, Supplementary to patent: Patent AT-1913-66955)
- Patent GB-1913-17034 (English title: Improvements in and relating to Flying Machines with Automatic Stabilizing Devices, Inventors: Nicolas de Benois)
- Patent HU-1912-64116 (English title: Self-stabiling aeroplane, Inventors: Georges de Bothezat, Supplementary to patent: Patent BE-1911-05-15 Georges de Bothezat)
- Patent BE-1914-267037 (English title: Device that can serve as a flying machine, vehicle and hydroplane at the same time, Inventors: W. Kurtschynski, Supplementary to patent: Patent FR-1913-462243)
- Patent RU-1912-26996 (English title: Flying apparatus, Inventors: N. Litinsky)
- Patent RU-1912-27040 (English title: Internal combustion engine with radical cylinders and shaft rotating in opposite directions, and with central distribution)
- Patent FR-1915-474926 (English title: Airplane wing system, Inventors: Théodore de Terestchenko • Alfred de Pischof)
- Patent US-1915-1143894 (English title: Combined aero, hydro, and auto plane, Inventors: Bronislaw Drozinski)
- Patent FR-1914-476681 (English title: Airplane of multiple levels(or wings) in which each level(or set of wings) works independently, Inventors: Alexandre Bezobrazoff)
- Patent FR-1914-475393 (English title: Aeroplane, Inventors: Gregory Tschetschett • Sergei Maslenikoff • Paul Ustritseff)
- Patent FR-1915-481332 (English title: Helicopter-Plane (?), Inventors: Lyoubomir Boïovitch)
- Patent DE-1912-324250 (English title: Aircraft with two bearing or control surfaces that are hinged and connected to each other, Inventors: Graf Anatolius von Platter)
- Patent SU-1917-2277 (English title: Self-aligning airplane ski, Inventors: Николай Родионович Лобанов • Nikolai Rodionovich Lobanov)
- Patent SU-1915-34644 (English title: Telemechanical device for controlling a flying machine, Inventors: K. A. Borodachenko)
Patents filed in the Soviet Union
- Patent SU-1913-455 (English title: Snow skis for aircraft, Inventors: Николай Родионович Лобанов • Nikolai Rodionovich Lobanov)
- Patent SU-1917-2277 (English title: Self-aligning airplane ski, Inventors: Николай Родионович Лобанов • Nikolai Rodionovich Lobanov)
- Patent SU-1919-442 (English title: Orneto-helicopter, Inventors: D. N. Hamburg • D. N. Gamborg)
- Patent SU-1916-4563 (English title: Method of producing cellulose acetate for airplanes and other industrial purposes)
- Patent SU-1915-34644 (English title: Telemechanical device for controlling a flying machine, Inventors: K. A. Borodachenko)
Patents filed by the Soviet Union
- Patent SU-1915-34644 (English title: Telemechanical device for controlling a flying machine, Inventors: K. A. Borodachenko)