Glossary

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In this glossary we are striving to present terms which were current in our time period. Naturally meaning and use change over time and some of these words and concepts evolved significantly during the period 1900–1920 as well as over the subsequent century.

Certain languages are addressed in greater depth on the following subpages: German, Hungarian, Danish, Dutch, Italian, Japanese, Russian.

Vessel types

English Français Español Deutsch Русский Magyar 日本語 Definition Notes
airplane; aeroplane (UK) aéroplane;[1] aéronef;[2][3] avion aeroplano[4] Drachenflieger; Flugzeug самолёт/самолётъ; аэроплан/аэропланъ/аәропланъ[5][6] Röpülőgép; Repülőgép (see Glossary/Hungarian for magyar-adapted loanwords) 飛行機 - Hikōki ; 機体 - Kitai Powered, manned, dirigible heavier-than-air craft In the 19th century and into the early 20th an "aeroplane" was a surface for creating lift (see also voilure, meaning the ensemble of surfaces generating lift). The same word (with its various spellings) came to mean a vessel using those planes. It seems that, in French, in the early days of aviation, aéroplane described the whole vessel as does avion, and may have been in more common use.
monoplane monoplan monoplano[6] Eindecker моноплан/монопланъ; одноповерхностный аәропланъ[6]
biplane biplan biplano[4] Zweidecker биплан/бипланъ; двухповерхностный аәропланъ;[6] двойной аэропланъ[7] The German "Zwei- oder Mehrdeckerflugzeug", making reference to two or more planar surfaces, is fairly though not exclusively suggestive of the triplane.
triplane triplan Dreidecker триплан/триплан; трёхповерхностный аәропланъ[6] Yes, the German "Zwei- oder Mehrdeckerflugzeug" makes reference to aircraft with two or more planar surfaces, fairly though not exclusively suggesting the triplane. On the other hand, incidentally, both this and early French phraseology "bi-tri-plan" and "multimonoplan" are found within patent originals which also make explicit reference to the applicability of their principles to the monoplane. This may suggest of bi- and triplanes playing a partially "tangential" role in the overall course of aero-innovation, a significant role nonetheless, in its own right, and with the speculation and testing involved affecting the overall advancement of the airplane.
airship / dirigible aéronef, the term shifting to heavier-than-air usage[2] / dirigeable aeronave / (globo) dirigible/dirijible [lenkbare] Luftschiff дирижабль; управляемый; аәростатъ съ моторомъ[8] Léghajó Powered, manned, dirigible lighter-than-air craft The French verb "diriger" is to be defined and translated as to give a direction to, to turn to one side, to cause to go, or to send, to have managing control over, to give an impulsion to.[9] The French adjective "dirigeable" describes therefore that which can be directed, or controlled.[10] The masculine noun "dirigeable" is defined as an "Aéronef utilisant un gaz plus léger que l’air comme moyen de sustentation dans l’atmosphère et possédant des hélices propulsives".[11] The English "dirigible" and the Russian "дирижабль" follow from the French "dirigeable", making variable efforts at approximate pronunciation without specific reference to the French etymology.
glider planeur; parachute (old-fashioned) planador[6] Segelflugzeug; Gleiter; Gleitflieger планёр/планёръ[6]
helicopter hélicoptère helicóptero Schraubenflieger; Hubschrauber вертолёт Heavier-than-air vessel with ascension effected by a vertically oriented propeller. Originally a French term; found printed in English in 1911 as Helicoptère[12]
kite cerf-volant cometa[4]; barrilete (AR)[13] Drachen воздушный змей Tethered flier sustained by the wind
kite-balloon ballon cerf-volant globo cometa[4]
hydroaeroplane; aero-hydroplane; seaplane hydroaéroplane[14]; hydroavion[15] Wasserflugzeug[16] A hybrid vessel that can fly through the air and float in the water. During this period of evolving terminology, the terms associated with this definition went through especially different and erratic uses. Part of the confusion arises because marine terminology itself was borrowed to describe the novel technology of "airships". For example, one inventor calls his flying boat an aéroscaphe[17] but in other instances, probably the majority, an aéroscaphe is simply a type of airship; it doesn't necessarily land on water or float.[18]
ornithopter ornithoptère "Flugzeug mit Schlagflügeln",[19] "Durch Flügelschlag zu bewegender Apparat",[20] etc. орнитоптеръ[21] An aircraft powered by flapping wings, like a bird.

Systems and elements

English Français Español Deutsch Русский Definition Notes
aileron aileron Querruder Auxiliary wing flap used for navigation/control
ballast lest[22] lastre Ballast балластъ[22] Weighty material brought aboard an LTA airship in anticipation of later discharging it in order to rise. "last" = load, weight, burden
brake(s) frein(s) Bremse(n) Device(s) for slowing or stopping a vehicle "patins de freins" = brake pads
ballonet ballonnet Ballonett Smaller interior gas balloon used for vertical navigation.[23]
balloon ballon globo (aerostático) Ballon; Heißluftballon ; Gasballon; Gasbehälter
clutch embrayage[24] Kupplung[24]
frame(work) cadre; carcasse[25] armazón[25] Gerippe; Rahmen(werk) каркасъ; ферма
fuselage fuselage The French verb "fuseler" is "to taper", or even "to streamline"; thus, the term "fuselage" has taken on an inter-linguistic usage a bit removed from its first conceptual application to the airplane.
hydroplane hydroplane hidroplano[26] Hydroplan, Hydroplanfläche[27] гидропланЪ[26] Floating-skimming surface at the bottom of a hydro-aeroplane.[28] Also can refer to a motorboat that skims at the top of the water. In aero context often used in "hydroplane surface".
ignition allumage[29] Zündung[29]
nacelle; car; gondola; cabin; basket nacelle barquilla[30][31] Gondel; Rumpf; Korb; Ballonkorb гондола[31] Compartment attached to main body of aircraft for carrying people, cargo, or propulsion system French, from Latin navicella, little ship (Online Etymology Dictionary)
rib nervure aleta[32][33] Flügelrippen ; Rippe[34]
propeller propulseur (aérien); hélice (Belgian usage, during our period of focus, which seems to have since become the more broadly francophone norm) hélice; propulsor (aéreo) Propeller; (Luft)Schraube пропеллеръ; воздушный винтъ[31]
propulsion propulsion propulsión Vorwärtstreiben[35]
screw-propeller Propellerschraube
stability équilibre; stabilité[36] equilibrio,[37] estabilidad[36] Gleichgewicht; Stabilität; Balanz[37] устойчивость[36]
empennage; tail; tail assembly empennage; queue cola[38] Leitwerk; Schwanz[38] Оперение

Materials

English Français Español Deutsch Definition Notes
gasoline, petrol essence[39] Benzin[39]
hydrogen hydrogène hidrógeno Wasserstoff Refers, in this context, to LTA hydrogen gas Named by virtue of relation to water
silk soie / ponghée seda Seide chou
steel acier acero Stahl Metal alloy derived from iron
rubber caoutchouc Kautschuk, Gummi[39]

Piloting terms

English Français Español Deutsch Definition Notes
ascension[40] rise and journey of an aerostat (i.e. non-dirigible)
landing, landfall atterrissage[41] Anlanden?[42] Rejoining the land
leeway dérive Abtrift[43][44] "The angular deviation from a course over the earth, due to cross currents of wind"[45]
stall décrochagel perte de vitesse[46] Überziehen; Strömungsabriss Flying an airplane at an angle too far below horizontal, resulting in a loss of lift.[47]
takeoff décollage
vol[40] rise and journey of a dirigible
warp gauchir[48] Change the shape of the wing

Related terms

English Français Español Deutsch Definition Notes
aerodrome 1. airport/airfield
2. airplane,[49] flying machine
air resistance résistance de l'air[50] resistencia del aire[51] Luftwiderstand (see w:de:Strömungswiderstand)
aircraft Luftfahrzeug "Any human device that flies or floats in the air."[52] Alfred William Lawson claims to have invented the term aircraft in 1908, trademarked it in 1910 when naming Aircraft magazine, and introduced it into Webster's Dictionary in 1912 whilst editor of its glossary of aviation terms.[52] The German word Luftfahrzeug, matching aircraft in its broad applicability, was in use by 1898.
aviator; airman pilot-aviateur Aviatiker[53] Airplane operator See terminological note at Category:Aviators
camber courbure Curvature (of an airfoil)
compartments Zellen; Kompartimente (with respect to a balloon; can be a safety or navigation feature; related to the ballonet)
passenger passager Fluggast[54]
stagger décalage des ailes An otherwise than purely vertical arrangement of the two parallel airfoils in a biplane (or presumably multiplane)[55]
wind tunnel soufflerie Windkanal System for testing airfoils by forcing air past them in a tunnel. Preceded by the "whirling arm"

Patents

English Français Español Deutsch Русский Definition Notes
patent brevet patente Patent

References

  1. ↑ Baeder and Dubouchet, 1910, Dictionnaire illustré de la navigation aérienne, p. [1]:

    AÉROPLANE. — Plan dans l'air ou appareil qui plane dans l'air. [...] Ce nom d'aéroplane est réservé aux appareils plus lourds que l'air, poussé horizontalement par un propulseur qui est ordinairement une hélice. Ils se déplacent en utilisant la réaction de l'air sur une ou plusiers surfaces."

    In the same work, the entry for "AVION" (pp. 14–15) refers only to the aircraft created by Clément Ader. However, it does give general meanings for AVIATEUR (pilot of a heavier-than-air aircraft) and AVIATION (science of heavier-than-air flight.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Declared by the Commission Permanente Internationale d'Aéronautique in 1903 to mean any heavier-than-air craft, encompassing both airplanes and helicopters. See Publication 202, 1903, Aeronautical terms.
  3. ↑ (Of peculiar interest may be Patent FR-1906-369855, in which "aéronef" is used in a specifically heavier-than-air context, though it is an airscrew, rather than momentum-based wing lift, which provides elevation.)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 34.
  5. ↑ See Lupilin, 1912, Bréguet's aeroplane, this Cyrillic ә being rare usage in modern Russian, and this particular adaptation from Western terminology not necessarily being standard
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries, vol. X, p. 594.
  7. ↑ "Double airplane". Patent RU-1904-15010 (Wright Brothers): "Описание остова двойного аэроплана" / "Description of the frame of a double airplane." Does not seem to have been commonly used.
  8. ↑ Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries, p. 550.
  9. ↑ Nouveau Larousse Universel, 1949 © Augé, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, Librairie Larousse, 13-21 rue Montparnasse, 114 boule. Raspail, Paris, Seine, France (published under the direction of Paul Augé)
  10. ↑ Nouveau Larousse Universel, 1949 © Augé, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, Librairie Larousse, 13-21 rue Montparnasse, 114 boule. Raspail, Paris, Seine, France (published under the direction of Paul Augé)
  11. ↑ Nouveau Larousse Universel, 1949 © Augé, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, Librairie Larousse, 13-21 rue Montparnasse, 114 boule. Raspail, Paris, Seine, France (published under the direction of Paul Augé)
  12. ↑ Hubbard, Ledeboer, and Turner, 1911, the Aeroplane, p. 119.
  13. ↑ w:wikt:barrilete; Davis, 1901, Anales de la Oficina Meteorológica, p. 44.
  14. ↑ Patent FR-1912-447384
  15. ↑ Patent FR-1917-495882
  16. ↑ Patent DE-1916-305332‎
  17. ↑ Patent FR-1908-393680
  18. ↑ See, for example, De La Landelle, 1863, Aviation ou Navigation Aérienne, p. 8.
  19. ↑ Patent DE-1909-251310
  20. ↑ Patent DE-1914-305970
  21. ↑ [[Patent RU-1910-41467
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries Vol X, p. 586
  23. ↑ White, 1918, Practical Aviation, p. 188. "A small balloon with the interior of a balloon or dirigible for the purpose of controlling the ascent or descent, and for maintaining pressure on the outer envelope so as to prevent deformation. The ballonet is kept inflated with air at the required pressure, under the control of a blower and valves."
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jane, 1909, All the World's Air-Ships, p. 11.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries, Vol. X, p. 568
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries Vol. X, p. 597
  27. ↑ Patent AT-1908-35698
  28. ↑ For examples see hydroplane; Patent FR-1910-426487/Patent GB-1910-30111 is particularly clear.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Jane, 1909, All the World's Air-Ships, p. 12.
  30. ↑ Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 206.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries, Vol. X, p. 565
  32. ↑ Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 206.
  33. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. xix.
  34. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, xviii
  35. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. xxii
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Schlomann, 1910, Illustrated Technical Dictionaries Vol. X, p. 561.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 179.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 177.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Jane, 1909, All the World's Air-Ships, p. 13.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Cailliez, 2004, Alexandre Liwentaal, p 57.
  41. ↑ Baeder and Dubouchet, 1910, Dictionnaire illustré de la navigation aérienne, p. 14. "Action de prendre terre."
  42. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. vi.
  43. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. xii
  44. ↑ Technologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen, französischen und englishcen Sprache 1903, p. 461.
  45. ↑ Aircraft Year Book, 1919, "Nomenclature for Aeronautics", Compiled from Report No. 9 of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, pp. 366–371.
  46. ↑ White, 1918, Practical Aviation, p. 193.
  47. ↑ David, 1919, Aircraft, p. 27.
  48. ↑ White, 1918, Practical Aviation, p. 194. Given by same as a translation of "bank", meaning to tilt the aircraft in order to turn.
  49. ↑ Esp. by Samuel Pierpont Langley, whose famous experimental craft was named Aerodrome A. Langley, 1891, The possibility of mechanical flight, p. 785: "A mechanism designed to secure artificial flight by thus taking advantage of the inertia and elasticity of the air I call an aërodrome (air runner)."
  50. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. xxii
  51. ↑ Olavarría y Martínez, 1912, Diccionario téchinco-automovilista y de aeronáutica, p. 224.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lawson, 1937, Lawson: Aircraft Industry Builder, p. 4.
  53. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. vi
  54. ↑ D'Arman, 1914, Lexique aéronautique en six langues, p. xx
  55. ↑ White, 1918, Practical Aviation, p. 10.

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