Russia

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RU is an abbreviation in this wiki referring to Russia.

There is an online Russian-to-English dictionary on Wikisource from 1945 and we can use URLs to link to the page on which a definition is found.[1] The Cyrillic names of Russian inventors and organizations present an added challenge to our data integration efforts, as phonetic transliterations differ according to the tongue and preferences of the transliterator.

Aero history

Военная аэронавтика - Б. Д. Потёмкин, that is, "Military Aviation" ; this work may be handy, in terms of history and perhaps in terms of historiography. This work, published in 1888, was sought in the interests of its being cited in connection with the early airplane of Alexandr Fedorovich Mozhaiskii. Comte Antoine Apraxine and others stand out prominently as well. Aside from touching upon a few early Russian aero-luminaries, the book begins with some references to key French, German and British journals. Then it goes over broad principles, aeronautics, or more properly it explores aerostatic systems, in great detail, and moves into aerodynamics. This may be a key theoretical overview analysis, from the Late 19th Century Russian point of view.

Russia commissioned an airship from Lebaudy Frères and received it in 1909.[2]

The country purchased a fair number of dirigibles and airplanes, and by 1914 had an air force of 263 aircraft. However it did not manufacture motors and fell behind other major powers in aircraft production during the war.[3]

Patents

Russia granted patents before 1845. For Russians these lasted 10 years; for foreigners, only 1–6 years (at a cost of 200 roubles per annum). There were no supplements or extensions, and inventions had to be put into practice within six months.[4]

As of 1881, the The Russian Empire's Department of Trade and Manufactures (Департамента торговли и мануфактур) granted patents, based on one example.[5]

The major law in effect at the beginning of the 20th century (up to the Revolution) was dated 20 May (=1 June Gregorian) 1896. The rules are described by Thompson, Handbook of Patent Law in All Countries (1915), pp. 199–203.

  • Patents last for 15 years, subject to annual fees; additions can be filed and they expire at the same time as the original, with no additional annual fees. (Or improvements to an invention can be filed as an independent patent, which will have its own 15-year duration.)
  • Patents must be filed by the true inventor or his representative.
  • Examination system: "Inventions are examined as regards novelty by experts and committees representatives [sic] of the various departments of state; against the decision of these an appeal can be had to a general meeting of the Technical Committee." Anything already patented, already well described in the literature of any country, or a minor modification of an existing well known invention, could not be patented. Chemical products, food, drinks, medicines, apparatus for making medicine, as well as anything dangerous to the state or public morals, could not be patented.
  • Patents were not granted if the technology—munitions, for example—would be 'useful' to government only. Other military technology could be patented with the caveat that the government automatically has the right to use them.
  • If a patent had already been filed in another country, it could still be filed by the inventor or his assign in Russia, as long as it had not yet been known in Russia. Such a patent would have its duration to the shortest term of international filing.
    • German filings: "The production of a patent granted in Germany for the same invention will often expedite the examination, and Russians frequently apply for patents in Germany before applying in their own country."
  • Model: "Besides the usual drawings and specification, a model is required when in the opinion of the examiners the case requires such for the full understanding of the invention."
  • Patents must be shown to work within five years or they become void.
  • Submitted patents had provisional protection.
  • "Assignments of entire interest must be registered, and licenses or partial assignments are not recognized."

Dates

The Russian government used the Orthodox/Julian calendar until February 1918, when the Revolutionary government declared that February 1–13 would be skipped and the country synchronized with the Gregorian calendar. The Julian date was 12 days behind the Gregorian date throughout the 19th century, and 13 days behind after 13 March 1900 Gregorian (29 February 1900 Julian; the Gregorian system omits the leap year at the century, hence the increasing discrepancy). Here we note Julian filing dates but enter the Gregorian equivalent in the patent template so that dates will align properly across countries.

Evolving interpretations of Russian patent data

This facsimile of a 1911 patent held by the Library of Congress helps us to understand the information found in the Vozdukhoplavatel patent lists:

  • There appears to be an application date with serial number as well as a grant date, more than two years later. (This delay could be commensurate with examination system Russia is supposed to have been using.) The application date is followed by охр. св. 46660. This corresponds with the "Охранительныя свидѣтельства" = protection certificates mentioned in the patent list. We infer that those patents have not been granted yet, but they have been granted provisional protection and a serial number.
  • The patent has a final date following the word выданная, which can reasonably be interpreted to mean 'granted', and a final, lower number.
  • We see a Клаццъ (Klass) which could well be lifted straight from the German system.
  • As on the list, the print patent gives the inventor's status/occupation. It also gives a location.
  • The patent concludes with an abstract (предмет) probably comparable to 'claims' in other offices. There are some citations above, not usual in other offices, which deserve further exploration.

It should be borne in mind, then, that the numbers we have on the 1909–1910 patents entered so far, are 'protection certificate' numbers, given to patents with still undetermined status. We don't yet know which of these patents were granted, nor do we have their final identification numbers.

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Dictionary_of_spoken_Russian_(1945).djvu
  2. ↑ The Aero, Vol. 1, 20 July 1909, p. 134. "The Lebaudy airship Russie has now been packed up and despatched to Russia, so that even that backward country is in front of England, as she possesses a really first-class dirigible."
  3. ↑ Bachler, 1996, p. 12.
  4. ↑ Urling, 1845, p. 266.
  5. ↑ Mozhaisky's 1881 patent on Wikisource

Extended Patent Reports

This wiki has 80 Russian patents and 134 patents filed by Russians.

By grant year:

By filing year:

Patents filed in Russia

Patents filed by Russians

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